Well, you should know that "tribes" is a word that africanist historians strongly object to. /u/khosikulu and I spoke about it in greater depth here and here, respectively.

Also, your assessment that

A lot of the problems with modern African nations is due to tribes that have historically not gotten along being put into the same nation state...

Essentializes a narrative of "ancient incomprehensible hatreds" and ignores the specific grievances and political programs that actually drive conflicts. ( of course, ethnic/religious competition or solidarity does play a part at times, it's just not the whole picture)

To actually answer your question, the push for separate Hindu and Muslim (but not sikh, jain or buddhist )majority States in the Indian subcontinent was driven by agitation by the India Muslim League.

To speak broadly, there was not the same agitation for religious separation in the leadup to independence in Africa's colonies. Virtually all of France's colonies were quickly granted a referendum regarding independence or association with France, and were granted independence in 1960. Belgium decolonized similarly quickly.

Another factor was the desire of the first generation of independent African leaders to avoid the fragmentation of the States they were now in charge of. In 1964, the leaders of the independent African States that were members of the OAU signed on to the Cairo declaration that confirmed the colonial borders.