In Jane Austen's novels, few of the rich adult males work, instead living off their investments or (at most) doing a little light estate management. The population of Britain at the time was 12,000,000. How many people were rich enough to live their entire lives without working (or, if female, having husbands who worked)? What about other European countries?
I don't know offhand, but the first place you could look is Mitchell's British Historical Statistics. You could also look at the various series of economic histories of Britain; the Cambridge Economic History of Britain vol. I deals with industrialization from 1700 to 1860. Given the long arguments in about labor market participation and the "industrious revolution" that may or may not have been a thing in the 17th and 18th centuries, I'm absolutely positive you'll find in that volume an extensive discussion of labor at the turn of the 19th century.