Why aren't the Anglo-Saxons considered Vikings?

by Unthinkable-Thought

Sutton Hoo seems like the most Viking find ever: ship burial, the helmet, gold, gold, gold. But it's not Viking--it's Anglo-Saxon!

textandtrowel

Sutton Hoo, a cemetery from Eastern England from the late 500s and early 600s, predates the Viking Age by over 100 years—the iconic attack on Lindisfarne didn't happen until 793. And while Sutton Hoo does bear a number of remarkable similarities to sites from the same period in central Sweden, early viking raiders mostly came from the western fjords of Norway. Add to that the fact that 'Anglo-Saxon' refers to an ethnicity based on a mythic (but factually dubious) Germanic ancestry whereas 'viking' was a non-ethnic term that meant something akin to 'pirate'. And as a final note, while the burials at Sutton Hoo really did belong to a period obsessed with gold, the Viking Age saw the high tide of what one archaeologist has called a 'silver fever.'

So the site of Sutton Hoo might have similarities to contemporary sites in Sweden, but it doesn't overlap with the Viking Age—it can't really be called a 'Viking' site at all. It is, however, worth thinking about what these connections meant to people at the time. They wouldn't have thought of themselves as 'Anglo-Saxons', since the term wasn't invented until myth makers started using it in the early 700s, and the archaeological realities of the 500s and 600s seem to have been much more complex. Nor would they have thought of themselves as 'Vikings', since going a-viking might have been a thing to do, but nobody was considered a 'Viking' until historians in the 1800s started using the term that way to describe the early medieval diaspora of Norse-speakers.

Regardless of what these people called themselves, Sutton Hoo is a great example of how long-distance connections between Britain and Scandinavia were important throughout the early middle ages, even before the Viking Period. I've just recently written a bit more on this here, with regard to some misconceptions promoted by the TV show Vikings, if you'd like to take a gander.

PlinytheHipster

The "Vikings" (the Norse) were a Germanic people. The "Anglo-Saxons" were comprised of various groups of Germanic people. Neither group had extensive (although they had some) contact with the Romans and weren't Romanized unlike some Germanic people on the continent. So, the groups had some cultural similarities. They would have had a fairly similar but not identical religion prior to the conversion to Christianity.

But the Viking Age refers to a very specific period of time. From the late 8th century to the 11th century. It refers to a very specific group of people who spoke old Norse and originated from what was then the Scandinavian regions (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden with Iceland coming in later.) It generally refers to groups of people who would form raiding parties and sail in long ships, which were uniquely suited to both sea and river travel and, thus, able to navigate to various parts of Europe. As time went on these "raiding parties" could be so large and organized under one ruler that they were really armies but their origin was in the original raiding parties that would go out in the longships. Vikings don't encompass the whole of pagan Germanic culture. If they did Viking raids had been going on for over 800 years prior to their arrival at Lindisfarne.

The men buried in Sutton Hoo were Anglo-Saxons. They were buried in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of East Anglia. They may have done their fair share of raiding and fighting in their lives. But they likely did it all on the British Isles. They didn't raid elsewhere or have long ships. They also spoke old English not old Norse, which had some similarities but weren't mutually intelligible. And it was before the era of the Viking Age. By the time the Vikings arrived in England for the first time in 789 it was mostly Christian. Pagan burials such as the ship burial would not happen by then. By the time the Vikings arrived in Anglo-Saxon England there would have been few left who would share any cultural link with them, at all.

So, they really weren't particularly "Viking." I was raised Catholic. If I were to be buried the burial would be fairly similar to burials of Catholics all over the world. But that doesn't mean I might as well be called French or Brazilian.