This is a pretty broad question, and I certainly can't answer all of it, but I'll try to give some impressionistic answers for some parts of Europe in some periods.

Firstly, I think your statement about the Gaelic clan system is very sweeping, and couldn't really be described as accurate. Kinship and kinship ties have always been central to society on the 'Celtic Fringe' of the British Isles (see Thomas Charles-Edwards' Early Welsh and Irish Kinship), but the 'clan system' (itself a very problematic term, in that it wasn't a system in any sense of the modern word), as it's usually conceived of today, developed only in the 14th century, and was gone from Ireland, at least, by the beginning of the 17th. I (/u/miles_sine_castrum, so I don't get a bot asking me to give credit) have written about this before here, from which I'll quote the relevant part:

As I understand it, the clan system was a kin-based system of social organisation, where free men and their families were bound to clan leaders through bonds of obligation and solidarity. Not all members of a clan were related by blood, but clans were small-scale units and there would have been frequent marriage between the clan elite. This elite was supported through tribute and booty from raids and wealth was redistributed via gifts and salaries paid by the chief to his retainers and warriors. The system originated in the late 14th century across the northern Gaelic cultural area (modern Ulster and Connacht in Ireland and the Highland and Islands of Scotland) and survived until 1603 in Ireland and the mid 1700s in Scotland. The origins and workings of this system in Ulster are detailed in Katherine Simms, 'From Kings to Warlords'. I wish I could provide something similar for Scotland, but I'm not really familiar with the field, although IIRC Simms talks about the connections with Scotland and probably has further reading.

In relation to the main part of your question, I don't think that there was anything really analogous in Europe during the medieval or early modern periods. Kinship ties were, without a doubt, incredibly important for both politics and society in every European country throughout the period, but structures, practices and importance varied hugely in both space and time. Take, for example, Ireland, where the famously huge kinship and inheritance structures of the Derbfine and Gaelfine were radically simplified and limited (in practice if not in theory) throughout the Early Middle ages, with much more emphasis on immediate family from the tenth and eleventh centuries. There are analogous processes in Frankish Europe, where there seems to be a gradual movement from wider kinship groups, with frequent links with cousins of many degrees and partible inheritance, to much tighter lineages, focused on the 'nuclear' family and primogeniture (although the continuing importance of matrilineal kin has been underplayed in the past by historians.) Final example, in Northern Italy in the late middle ages, kin realtionships were concerned primarily with the male lineage and nuclear family, but this was complicated by marriage alliance, frequent multiple marriages by widows and women's loyalty to their own families (or their own families' continuing claims over them, however you want to frame it).

TL;DR: No. The clan system was only one example of kinship practices in medieval and early modern Europe, practices which, while always important, varied enormously in time and space, even in Gaelic Ireland and Scotland.

1746, a bit specific? Was there a reason for this year

When I think of a clan or a tribe I think of egalitarianism within that tribe in the Gaelic case this characterised by elective kingship , access to traditional justice and a sense of personal equality. The Gaelic order in Ireland was inegalitarian , denied ordinary people access to justice and the electorate of the kingship was the not especially extended family of the king out only to first cousins. Therefore Ireland never had a clan system in the way that the term is conventionally used. The Gaelic order in Ireland consisted of a small number of aristocrats and men at arms overlaid on an unfree peasantry. Shane the Proud provided arms to the peasants in Ulster from the 1560s but the O'Neill's saw themselves as kings not Clan Chiefs (and those ideas of chiefdom were projections by people who had become conventional British aristocrats). Scotland where these notions originated has something closer to a clan system. In Scotland in the late middle ages and early modern period we have a Gaelic population in arms. In Steven Ellis' excellent essay The collapse of the Gaelic World (this might be the best historical essay every written) and is available online (legally and with the author's permission) at : https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10379/743/Ellis_IHS_1999.pdf

he writes that the right to bear arms among the Scots created a degree of political control from the people, the MacDonald's for example were expected to quite widely even in the 14th century.

Ellis' essay is a good place to learn about the nature of the Gaelic order.