Probably the most famous example of an monastic order being disbanded (and actively persecuted) was the Knights Templar in the early 14th century. Specifically, the order was dissolved on 22 March 1312 by Pope Clement V. The last leader of the Templars was accused of, among other things, sodomy and heresy and was burned at the stake.

There is a great deal of controversy over exactly why the Templars met such a fate. Now while there were accusations of occult and anti-Christian behavior, it seems likely that these were at least partly a cover to remove the Templars from power. See the order had grown to be a serious international power with considerable financial holdings in France and throughout Europe. Phillip IV of France was in significant financial trouble, and it just so happened the French government was leading the attack against the Templars. Barber notes that contemporaries (especially in Italy) viewed the financial motive for the attack on the order to be primary (Barber, 298). Of course there are other contributing factors as well; the Templars had also been failing at their stated mission- protection of the Crusader states, leading to widespread criticism in Europe.

Main source: The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple by Malcolm Barber