It seems to me that either the Jewish people invented a clearly unique worldview completely on their own with fiercely monotheistic scriptures. Unless there was some concept in ancient Mesopotamia before them, or at least some variation of it?
The early origins of Judaism actually aren't even monotheistic, but rather monolatrous - accepting the existence or possibility of other deities, but only worshiping one as prime above all others. As the commandment says, "Thou hast no other Gods before Me" (Young's Literal Translation, Exodus 20). I'm not as familiar with the Hebrew scriptures, but I've heard that they even contain exegetical or philological evidence of an older supreme god worshiped by the Hebrew tradition prior to Jehovah (who was lucky enough to be crystallized in text before some subsequent upstart could replace him), with Jehovah subsuming some of the characteristics and terminology of his predecessor.
On more familiar ground for me, there's plenty of instances of similar processes occurring in Mesopotamian religions even earlier. Marduk, the chief god of the city of Babylon, came to eclipse other members of the pantheon in mythic and ceremonial importance parallel with the waxing fortunes of the Middle Babylonian Dynasty; historians for quite a long time have been equating monotheism with imperialism, and it definitely seems to be the case that singularity of religious worship either supports or is supported by singularity of state power. The relationship is explicit in the later Neo-Assyrian god Assur, with iconography showing Assur as a supreme god to whom all other gods are subordinate or contained within and artwork that interchangeably conflate the King and the God (or his symbolic representations of unitary divinity like the Tree of Life or solar disc [previously associated with Shamash, another deity given elevation to supreme status by his followers for a time]). It's not explicit monotheism because other divine cults were still in practice, all manner of gods and demons might be invoked in folk traditions, and politically subordinate cities would maintain the specific invocations and icons of their own favored gods, but Assur definitely demonstrates a deliberate imperial trend of consolidating religious worship of one deity alongside the consolidation of political power and grandeur around one king (who was, after all, in Royal propaganda at least, an actual incarnation of the God's will on earth).
By the way, this question has been discussed at length before, with notable mentions of the monotheistic experiment of Akenhaten in Egypt, Zoroastrianism (which may or may not predate Judaism but is an independent invention of strict monotheism in any case), and much else besides: https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1syx1g/is_judaism_really_the_first_monotheistic_religion/
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/nxsye/the_uniqueness_of_jewish_monotheism/