After German ex-chancellor Helmut Schmidt died earlier this year, I read in an obituary that a former aid mentioned that Schmidt and his wife Loki explained geopolitics to him in about an hour by way of historical development. I am neither a historian nor a politician, but I would certainly love some hints/references (ideally books) that would allow me to acquire such knowledge. Any tips are much appreciated, thanks.
Check out Politics Among Nations by Hans Morgenthau for a detailed look at the basics of geopolitics. He was the quintessential father of modern "realism", but he describes the significance of many factors you are thinking of. Somewhere this PDF is available online.