No. Only residents of states (and, since the 1960s, D.C.) can vote in presidential elections.

Residents of US-controlled areas that are not states can, nowadays, vote in primaries, because the major political parties' rules allow it. I do not know if those rules were in effect at the time that, say, the Oregon Territory existed as a non-state territory. (Of course, at that time, "primaries" didn't exist, but I suppose there could have been some method for party members in a territory to have their views represented within the national party structure; I can't answer that part of your question.)