In short, no. The Zuiderzee route to the Amsterdam harbor wasn't used on any significant scale anymore when the Afsluitdijk was build. This is because the Zuiderzee (now IJsselmeer) is quite shallow. In the beginning of the growth of Amsterdam the major trading was done in the Baltic with the use of the Fluyt. These relatively small ships could navigate the Zuiderzee. However, the latter bigger ships like the East India ships from the VOC had quite a lot of difficulties entering Amsterdam harbor. In the beginning they could only enter at high tide with an eastern wind making sure the water was at its highest possible. They would wait for these condition at Pampus a little island in front of the harbor near Muiden. This could take quite a long time (weeks) hence the saying "Voor Pampus liggen" lying in front of Pampus meaning lying down and not being able to do anything useful. Later they start using so called Ships Camels to transfer ships to the harbor. The area in front of the harbor became even shallower over time because of sand deposits so at a certain point even the ships camels wouldn't help anymore. For a while they solved that by transferring goods at Texel into barges.

In 1819 it was decided that a canal to the sea had to be dug. This was the Noord Hollands Kanaal and was finished in 1824.

When this canal became too small they added the Noordzee Kanaal in 1876. Since then this has been the entry point for seagoing vessels to the harbor of Amsterdam.

They only industry affected by the Afsluitdijk were the fishermen in the Zuiderzee but that has nothing to do with Amsterdam and your question.

EDIT: added word