How did the German press portray Hitler and the rise of the Nazi party prior to 1933?

by Hitstory4
Venmar

Well, as one might expect, it depends on which Press we might be referring to, and on a grand, broader and national scale, the portrayal of Hitler and the Nazi's was mixed if we were to consider all of the German Press.

As far as the German Press was considered, to put into some perspective, even as Goebbels declared in a speech on March 25, 1933 that Radio was "the most modern and most important instrument of mass influence that exists anywhere", the newspapers, journalists, and the press as a whole remained of central importance. To quote Richard J. Evans,

They (Newspapers) presented an obstacle to the Nazi policy of co-ordination and control more formidable by far than that posed by the film and radio industries. Germany had more daily newspapers than Britain, France, and Italy combined, and many more magazines and periodicals of every conceivable type. There were independent papers and periodicals at national, regional, and local level, presenting the whole range of political views from far left to right right. The Nazi Party's attempt to build a successful press empire of its own had not met with much success.

In a general sense, German newspapers that were owned, ran, supported by a, or supported a political party such as the Communists or the Socialists, were all naturally hostile to Hitler and the Nazi's. Far Left and Left parties such as these enjoyed being critics of Hitler's Far Right ideas for obvious political reasons, and as such, almost all of them were immediately shut down in 1933. Other Newspapers, conservative papers such as the Munich Latest News (Muncher Neuste Nachrichten), and papers such as the Catholic Franconian Press (Frankische Presse), which was affiliated with the Bavarian People's Party, all had their fair share of criticising the Nazi's prior to 1933, with the latter having to apologise on March 27, 1933, for "having printed lies about Hitler and the Nazis for year."

Most of the German Press was also cautious at best when it came to Hitler and the Nazis. Their ideas were radical and revolutionary, and ripe material for criticism for almost every piece of German Press left of the political spectrum. Almost three quarters of the politically orientated papers owed their allegiance to either the Centre Party and/or it's equivalent, the Bavarian People's Party, or to the Social Democrats. The Last one quarter was spread among a variety of papers, including Communists, Socialists, Nationalists, and Monarchists, with papers that directly supported the Nazi's being far and few. The Rise of Nazism is usually never attributed to their success in the Press, as almost all papers, including Centre and Centre-Right parties, criticised the Nazi's in one way or another. Even the Nationalists, most of whom were Monarchists or supporters of the Reichswehr and Hindenburg, found it hard to like the Nazi's.

However, it can be safely said that the German Press was a highly thriving thing where papers of varying focus, be they political or sheer entertainment, all battled each other. In the 1920's, it was hard to judge what the Nazi's would truly become later on. While most papers found some bone to pick with the Nazi's, who were revolutionaries and radicals in every sense of the two words, a unified approach against the Nazi's by the Press was not always found. The main issue laid in the fact that many papers also criticised the Weimar Republic, which meant that the Nazi's weren't always in the direct spotlight of the Press.

Therefore, it has to be said that sometimes the German Press, intentionally or not, helped out the Nazi's whether they intended to or not. A good example would be Alfred Hugenberg, a massive and legendary press figure during the inter-war years who owned his own Media Empire that he used to spread his virulent ideas of Nationalism and the avocation of a restoration of the Monarchy. He attacked Weimar Democracy, most of the parties affiliated with the Left, and even ocassionally criticised Hitler. Though, as far as I know, never a direct supporter of the Nazi's and despite his influence having failed to keep the German Nationalist Party afloat after 1924, he directly helped Hitler rise to power as Chancellor in 1933. Papers and figures such as Hugenberg, though most usually in some ways critical of Hitler and the Nazi's, usually and/or sometimes divided their attention to criticising each other, usually finding a common enemy in the Communists or Weimar Democracy.

That said, other notable German Press and Novelist figures include:

  • Carl von Ossietzky, the editor of The World Stage, a high-profile intellectual organ of generally left-win, pacifist journalism. Ossietzky himself became somewhat notorious for being a rabid critic of the Nazi's prior to 1933. He also published an expose of a secret and illegal programme of rearmament in the aircraft industry in 1932. He was arrested in 1933, and despite being born a German in the full sense and being neither Jewish, Polish, or Russian, he was imprisoned and forced to do manual labour digging "his own grave", being beaten and kicked by Brownshirts until being "broken" and barely surviving a heart attack in the same year.
  • Erich Muhsam, an anarchist writer, poet and playwright. He was involved in the Munich's regime of the Coffee House Anarchists' in 1919, and was an all-around fervent critic of the Nazi's as a radical writer and a revolutionary. He was arrested after the Reichstag Fire in 1933 and, being a Jew, he was severely beaten by the SS in the Oranienburg Concentration Camp, until he was eventually found hanged in a latrine.
  • Ernst Toller, a former colleague of Muhsam, and a fellow radical and anarchist writer. In the 1920's, among his other plays and writings, Toller performed a series of public plays that attacked the injustices done to German Society during the time, among them being Hitler, which include a satire on him. He escaped the arrests of 1933 due to him being on visit in Switzerland. Post-1933, he undertook lengthy lectures denouncing the Nazi's, but his exile proved impossible for him to continue as a writer, and he committed suicide in 1939 in New York as he despaired over the imminent World War.
  • Thomas Mann, one of the world's primary literary giants, having earned a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1929. He was a forefront supporter of Weimar Democracy, and ceaselessly toured Germany (and the world) lecturing on the need to sustain it. Though not threatened, he left Germany in 1933 and refused to return, more or less denouncing the Nazi's.

Many other editors, literary giants, and novelists can be mentioned to form a massive list. In general, after 1933, it can be claimed that the heavy-handed propaganda, censorship, and suppression of the Nazi Regime effectively curbed Germany's literary skills in novelism and journalism. Writers across the country struggled to produce work of any sort of quality under the circumstances, with even conservative writers distancing themselves from the regime in one way or another.

Main Source:

  • The Coming of the Third Reich by Richard J. Evans