I'm reading some Tolstoy short stories set in the Caucasus (I believe 1850s), and he references the Asiatic rifles and cannons that the enemy use.
From what I know, these Caucasians are non-state actors, fighting Imperial Russian soldiers at the nadir of Ottoman and Persian influence in the region. Are they making their own rifles, cannons, and gunpowder? Do they rely mainly on importing guns from abroad? Where?
I cannot speak about cannons but the Caucasus has a very distinctive type of flintlock, both rifle and pistol, these guns were well regarded in neighboring countries and were sometimes exported and copied. The book Firearms of the Islamic world has a section on this (online) Start at page 101