What did it really mean to be released from a Gulag? Where would one be "dropped off" after serving their time in a camp?

The gulag was a massive system over a large period of time, so it's difficult to talk about it just as one thing. In fact, it was incredibly variable - that might have been its most defining feature in the end. So let's look at one particularly instructive moment - the 1945 amnesty. There is an absolutely fantastic article on this topic that I will mention at the outset, from which much of the following comes. I'll just throw the citation up here at the beginning so people can go find it if they want:

Golfo Alexopoulos. "Amnesty 1945: The Revolving Door of Stalin's Gulag." Slavic Review Vol. 64, No. 2. (Summer 2005), 274-306.

Indeed, the very premise of Alexopoulos article is as follows:

Stalin's labor camps and colonies formed a dynamic , variable, and unstable system in which a majority of prisoners came and went, and the 1945 amnesty reveals the movement and tension of this revolving door. (275)

So it is not that the 1945 amnesty was typical, but rather than it was such a massive moment when it came to people departing the Gulag that it reveals that variation and dynamism.

So, in 1945 you about one million gulag prisoners either released or having their sentences reduced more or less all at once. It was a very controlled and measured process.

Alexopoulos explains:

No only did they [Officials in the labor camps -TMH] manage the issuance of passports, provide transportation from the camp or colony to the prisoner's new location, and issue (or not) material goods and food for the journey, but more importantly, Gulag authorities decided the destination of each ex-prisoner. According to the Gulag leadership, the issue of where to settle amnestied prisoners 'had to be approached with care' in order to provide maximum assurance that the former inmates would 'return to an honest life.' (292)

One specific treatment an inmate received was largely dependent on who they were, what the crime had been, and what the leadership thought was their best chance at avoiding the person returning to a criminal life. Leaving aside for the moment the "true" criminality of various things - the Gulag did, after all, hold many political prisoners - there were still many different kinds of people who had to be integrated back into Soviet society. Destinations could include ones family or place or origins in the best case scenario, or communities designed explicitly for the rehabilitation of prisoners that were nonetheless distinct from the Gulag system and where they might be working in heavy industry. Others faced exile that meant they weren't imprisoned, but were neither free to return to many parts of the Soviet Union that were likely more desirable. (293-294) Keep in mind that the freedom of movement throughout the Soviet Union was in many cases highly restricted, so simply being out of the Gulag didn't mean you could go just anywhere even after you arrived at your destination. In some extreme scenarios, prisoners were technically released from their prison term and marked in the system as having served their time, but were nonetheless required by law to continue working the same job they had worked in the labor camp as 'civilian laborers'.

Assuming the best case scenario, you still had to integrate yourself back into the society and economy with a criminal record, which was no easy task. Alexopoulous cites 100s of documents he found in GARF (the largest archive in Russia), of former prisoners appealing to be given a clean record after release to help them integrate back into the economy more easily. Remember that when the economy is state run, that criminal record is going to follow you literally everywhere and a lot of jobs simply won't be available to you.

Although the amnesty in 1945 provides us with a major data point, for lack of a better term it actually quite a bit to expose the extent to which the system was incredibly variable. The Gulag wasn't just a place you got thrown in and rotted, although that did happen. People were constantly entering and leaving the system. Still, the experience could be arbitrary. Sentences were extended without warning. The conditions were terrible, and even if and when you did get out, your life wasn't necessarily just going to go back to normal. The high turnover in the Gulag also exposes another feature though - that it permeated Soviet society. With so many people coming and going, many ordinary Soviet people would have had contact with people who had some experience of the Gulag, which meant that it was a very present system in the minds of Soviet people. It wasn't some far away place, but paradoxically close to home despite the often remote locations of the camps. This kind of thinking, thanks in large part to Alexopoulos' article is becoming more the norm in studies of the Gulag.