Did they attempt to war against Austria, Prussia, and Russia? Was there any resistance at all? The textbooks I've read only seem to mention the partitions in passing, but never go into depth. Thank you!
1792 - War in Defence of the Constitution - against Russia and Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791)
1794 - Kościuszko Uprising against Russia and Prussia
1797 to 1803 - Polish Legions on French Army - fought against Austria in Italy, and in other Napoleon's campaigns
1807-1815 - Duchy of Warsaw - ally/puppet of France. Fought against all partitioners.
1830–1831 - November Uprising - against Russia
1846 - Kraków Uprising - against Austria
1846 - Greater Poland Uprising - against Prussia
1848 - Revolutions of 1848 in Poland - against Prussia and Austria
1863–1864 - January Uprising - against Russia
1866 - Siberian Uprising (Baikal Insurrection) - Uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia against Russia
1905–1907 - Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland - against Russia
1914–1918 - First World War - polish troops: a) Polish Legions - in Austria against Russia b) Blue Army - in France against Germany c) Polish Corps in Russia - against Germany and Austria
There were a plenty of uprisings, attempts to build polish forces in countries that fought against partitioners (France, Ottoman Empire), Poles also fought in almost all revolutions in Europe - they tried to help various independence/revolutionary movements to gain latter support for polish independence.