What do the chinese learn about pre-communism China in school?

by Hal3000Vista

I am specifically interested in what the chinese are taught about the Quing-Dynasty and the warlord era. I would like to know how they view conflicts china had with European powers, such as the opium wars and the forced leasing of ports, but also internal struggles like the Taiping rebellion and the warlord era. Does there exist any bias in how they view this time and if so, how does this affect university level education?

fffluuu

Since nobody gave you an answer let me give it a try. I had a minor in Chinese and European history in college so I have insight into both sides of this issue.

In present day China, the period from roughly 1850-1950 is commonly known as the "century of shame" and the communist revolution is seen as the defining moment in the creation of the "New China" under the leadership of the CPC.

Regarding the Opium Wars and colonization, the Chinese still do see this period of time as the most shameful in Chinese history because in reality China had lost much of its sovereignty not to mention its prestige around the world. Dr. Sun Yat-Sen in the early 20th century described China as being in one of the worst positions any nation could hope to be in. China was a country who had lost many of its sovereign rights to de facto colonization but also could not feel the potential benefits of colonization because it was not in fact a colony of any of the European powers and therefore none of them cared enough to invest anything substantial in order to benefit China as a whole. To solidify China's, and therefore the Qing's deterioration as a sovereign state, foreigners from the majority of the European nations as well as Japan were not subject to Chinese law but rather the laws of their country of origin. In addition, within Shanghai there were areas such as the French Concession in which Chinese officials had zero jurisdiction.

The interwar years in China were very turbulent but also very interesting because initially the Soviet Union was supportive of the KMT and also wanted the newly formed CPC to work with them. As a result, they formed what is today known as the First United Front and throughout the 1920's the government was able to largely unify the country and end the warlord era. However, towards the end of his campaigns against the warlords Chiang Kai-shek embarked on a campaign against the CPC and forced them to embark on the "Long March" during which only ~7,000 of the initial 90,000 members of the CPC survived. This meant that even during their ceasefire and cooperation during World War II, tremendous amounts of bad blood existed between the two parties and the CPC devoted much of its time to building up its own forces in preparation for the resumption of the civil war in 1946. Also, it is important to remember that even after the overthrow of the Qing, foreign influence within China's port cities remained intact and the communist party saw the Nationalists as enablers of imperialism, a view that still remains intact. Today, the contributions of the KMT in establishing a stable China are somewhat acknowledged (for example Sun Yat-Sen is still seen as the father of modern China in the PRC) but the contributions of the CPC in uniting China and later defeating the Japanese are often highlighted and sometimes overstated. Although if we are to be completely objective, the KMT government in China at the time was in fact extremely corrupt and ineffective. Therefore, the CPC did enjoy a massive amount of popular support especially in the countryside where they had drastically improved quality of life for the peasant class.

So to sum up my answer, yes, there is a bias that affects the way Chinese history in the century between 1850-1950 is taught to students today. The Communist Party of China is seen as the saving grace, the group of people who saved China from the corrupt grasp of the Nationalist Party and made China into the respected world power it is today. This attitude is apparent in literature as well as plays regarding the revolution such as "The East is Red".

Sources: "A Brief History of Chinese Civilization" by Conrad Schirokauer and Miranda Brown

"The East is Red", a play regarding the communist revolution which debuted in 1965. Link

Edit: If you have the time I strongly suggest that you watch the play. It gives a great insight into the cult of personality that was created around Mao and by extension the party and it will help you understand why many people even today still see the party as the saving grace of China.

Edit II: Added some relevant info