Judaism today, as you said, involves many elements not present in ancient Israel including things like the Talmud, but also that it is no longer tied to a single community in a single place: Jews live all over the world, and no longer have a central temple or a central decision-making body. That said, most of those things are very old. The temple was destroyed in the year 70, so a form of Judaism that includes a large diaspora, local worship, and customs transmitted from generation to generation is not new.