Pike and shot doesn't really refer to any single tactic, rather it refers to a wide variety of different tactics used to achieve a close coordination of mobile pike blocks with troops armed with firearms from around the Italian Wars to the end of the 17th century. Both pikes and missile weapons certainly did exist before this period, and many of the tactics did take inspiration from the past. Famously, Maurice of Nassau based his formations on the Ancient Roman Triplex Acies, and his method of volley fire was inspired by a description of Roman countermarch techniques. In china a similar method of countermarching volley fire had been used with crossbows for over a thousand years. In general though, formations in the pike and shot era looked pretty different compared to those of the past, especially by the 17th century.

The dominant feature of infantry tactics for most of the 16th century, the "great square" of aggressive, disciplined pikemen, gained popularity sometime in the 1400s. The matchlock mechanism was also developed sometime in the 1400s but there wasn't much of a relationship initially. At the start of the Italian wars shot still played a fairly minor role and among Swiss and landsknecht infantry they were still outnumbered by pikes by about 10 to 1. Their purpose was mainly just to form a skirmish line in front of the pike block in order to screen it's advance. While most of the shot used firearms at this point in practice it might be a mix of light infantry weapons including arquebuses, old-fashioned handgonnes, bows, crossbows, even slings and javelins. Over the course of the Italian Wars and the rest of the 16th century as firearms proved how powerful they were they steadily formed a larger and larger proportion of the total infantry until they equaled or even outnumbered the pikes. Since firearms are most effective at close range and only the first couple of ranks can fire at once this was where military thinkers needed to start dreaming up creative ways for musketeers to maximize their fire while still working closely with a pike square.

The most significant attempt to incorporate traditional ranged weapons into pike and shot tactics seems to have come from the English. England was relatively slow to modernize and didn't start employing significant numbers of arquebusiers until around the 1540s. As firearms became more common they quickly replaced bowmen at the front and wings of the formation and archers were moved to the rear of the pikemen where they could shoot over the heads of the troops in front of them. In practice this doesn't seem to have been very effective though. Sir John Smythe blamed it on the fact that longbowmen still needed to see their targets to shoot accurately, and this was not possible with such a huge mass of men in the way, especially when the view is further obscured by gunsmoke and a forest of pikes.

Taylor. The art of war in Italy, 1494-1529

Hall. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe

Roberts. Pike and Shot Tactics 1590-1660

Rogers. "Tactics and the Face of Battle"

John Smythe, John Rigby Hale. Certain Discourses Military

Webb. Elizabethan Military Science