I was recently in Colorado in a Ye Olden-Times Saloon and it stuck me that every time I've seen a Saloon in popular culture, there's always liquor and/or beer on tap. Where did this beer come from? How was it transported? Was it locally brewed, or did it come from the major cities of the East?
The West was extremely well connected with the international marketplace even before the 1869 completion of the transcontinental railroad. The Sa Francisco Bay area represented a significant port and trading vessels regularly made it there with goods from throughout the world. These were quickly transported into the hinterland to provide goods to booming mining towns.
The thing about mining is that when it is successful it produces sudden amounts of valuable metals that can be immediately used for trade at inflated prices. Some of the first things to follow miners was alcohol and food, so the miners were rarely left in want of anything - but they had to pay a high price for whatever they needed. Primary sources speak of Mexican packers bringing early loads before roads could be cut. But roads were quickly made so that teamsters could follow with even bigger loads.
Again, primary sources describe early boomtowns with ample access to beer, wine, and hard liquor of various sorts. By the time a mining town settled in - provided its mines were sufficiently prosperous to justify prolonged settlement - it became increasingly easy provide a wide variety of goods including all the things described in your question.
I helped fund four excavations of saloons in Virginia City of Nevada, and what we uncovered was a wide assortment of bottles and beer kegs that demonstrate just this sort of access to the international marketplace. This image, for example, shows the sort of variety that could occur in these saloons. This includes numerous taps for beer kegs (left), a corked dark bottle filled with Port (standing at left), three examples of milk-white bottles that contained ale from Glasgow, Scotland, and a tall reddish-brown bottle that contained mineral water from Nassau in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. This single image represents the tip of an iceberg composed of over 300,000 artifacts collected from the four saloons, but it is an image that speaks eloquently to the diversity of the possibilities.
And of course there were also local breweries established in short order.
Kelly Dixon, who excavated two of our four saloons, addresses all of this in her book, Boomtown Saloons (2005). I took up the subject, attempting to blend it into a synthesis of how the community (and its saloons) fit together with the rest of the world: Virginia City: Secrets of a Western Past (2012)