What country are you in and how much do you have to spend? Most countries had essentially a ride share system either by charter or by taking the carriage that carried postal packages. You would find the closest inn where these commonly stopped to change horses, and you would negotiate a ride from there. Roads were very poor up until the end of the 18th century in most of Western Europe. Walking was considered dangerous if you were not native to the area, as banditry and highwaymen were present in most regions. Your only other option that is not walking is to find a local farm that is taking produce to market, they will have a cart or waggon for the produce, and will at least take you to the local market town.

edit: This it mostly about the 18th century, sorry. In the UK, up until about the 1830s, the roads had improved, and the other option available was canal, but that was very slow, so most of it still applies, except highwaymen, and the roads improved massively. The book, Tom Browns Schooldays deals briefly with how "lucky" he considers a younger generation of schoolchildren who did not have to catch a carriage to school each semester, as it was undoubtedly uncomfortable to travel long distance in them, something that was improved with sprung carriages in the late 18th century.

To clarify, are you asking specifically about overland travel? That is, boats and ships are also not options?