There was no "widespread uproar" or "strong nationalism" after the war, quite the opposite actually. The people in general didn't care if the nation had lost land it had never populated (everything except Texas was "territories" at the time, like the canadian ones and not states like the rest of Mexico) but the political elite blamed Santa Anna. It was his word that gave the americans reason to invade (Santa Anna granted the land fearing for his life after being captured but he had no authority to do so, only the mexican congress could).

You have to understand that Mexico was undergoing a period of its history called "República Centralista" or centralised republic (?). Think of it as the opposite of a Federal Republic (nowadays Mexico and USA). Instead of having different state governments dealing with local but important affairs the one big government of mexico would be granted more power within its states. This is what caused the texan rebellion among others (Yucatan, Zacatecas and Tabasco) and really split the country.

Mexico was split before and during the war (many mexican states defended their own territory from american troops instead of cooperating to stop them from taking the capital) and its defeat did little to improve the image of the centralist government, the federalists would gain power soon after that.

If you are interested on the subject of anti-american sentiment fueling mexican nationalistic ideas it would be better to read about the mexican revolution. The US took the port of Veracruz and Pancho Villa invaded US land (I cant say for sure but I think it might be the only incursion of foreign troops in US territory in the 20th century). I'm sorry I can't link anything but I'm on mobile.