Most of the "proper" names are French, the fashion came from France, and since most of the elite spoke this language (a bit like English now), they rather had no problem with naming their clothes in French ;). So, although the names of these things are usually existent in English, French names are much more precise, and reffering to clothes from this particular period of time only (as opposed to "suit")

I'll focus on the naming only, since it's what you've asked but if you have any questions about how they used to put it on, how it was tailored and what colors were preferred and so on - I can help.

So, here we go.

It's habit a la francaise to be precise, but in English sources it's very often called a suit or formal suit , man's suit. I believe it's a name for both the coat and a set of coat, waistcoat, and pants. And you also have stockings and shrit ;)

The pants are culotte , or as you said, breeches or knee-breeches. Waistcoat is gilet.

All of those would have been called "a suit of clothes [for a gentleman]". The first image shows a court suit and a more everyday suit of the late 1780s; the second dates to the first quarter of the 18th century; the third is another 1780s court suit. In the late 18th century, they wouldn't use a different term for an unfashionably long coat and waistcoat from decades before - they would just be described as "long and unfashionable". You are correct: the pieces are coat, waistcoat, and breeches. The first court suit is made of a figured silk taffeta, embroidered with silk, with a white satin embroidered waistcoat, and the suit next to it is (I believe) a striped silk taffeta with another satin waistcoat. The suit in the second picture is blue silk taffeta, "laced" - a laced suit was decorated with lace; gold lace, in this case. The last suit is made of silk velvet, embroidered with silk. These would be worn over a fine white linen shirt with a tall collar; the suits in the first and last photos would have shirts made with a pleated ruffle called a jabot sewn partway down the center front and would be worn with a separate neckband over the collar, made with linen gathered or pleated down the length, called a stock, while the older suit would have a shirt with no jabot and worn with a long cravat loosely tied around the throat. Under-breeches were not compulsory, but could be worn for warmth or to protect the fabric of the breeches from oils of the skin.

Women's outer clothing was also referred to as a "suit [of clothes]". In English, the basic garment was the gown, which was fitted to the torso, and during part of the century the sack/sacque, which had a fitted lining and a loose, pleated back; these were also sometimes called, respectively, the nightgown and the negligée. Instead of a shirt, women wore a shift - similarly made of fine white linen, cut with a deep, rounded neckline (no drawstring!) and with full sleeves gathered to cuffs just below the elbow. On top of this, the stays: a boned garment to support the bust, shape the torso, and provide respectability. If a hooped petticoat or false rump were being worn to give a shape to the petticoats (which was not fashionable through the entire century, so ... it depends), that would be worn next, and then at least one under-petticoat, and then the outer petticoat, which would most fashionably match the gown.

There is a lot of change in form and material for all of these clothing pieces throughout the century (as I've partly hinted at here re: shirts), so it may help to narrow down a basic sub-era that you're aiming for in order to get a more specific description. You have gotten some good information here, but it's very generalized.