These answers come almost exclusively from a Western perspective. Still, from that point of view, you can get a sense through them of how visions of the future evolved from religious into scientific:

• How did medieval people imagine the distant future?
• Before 1700, were there any books or plays with a definite setting in the future? What were their predictions?
• [Are there any records of ancient civilizations showing an interest in space travel? What is the first record of someone actively trying to get to outer space?] (https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/47nnqj/are_there_any_records_of_ancient_civilizations/d0el5sb)
• [Why is "the future" shiny chrome and white?] (https://redd.it/3xi3qt)