In fashion: no, I don't believe there are predictable, regular cycles.

Fashion history does have a certain rhythm to it, mainly because fashions have to change in order for the industry to make money, and because once one trait has been dominant, the reverse tends to take over. For instance, the bustle was in fashion from 1883 through 1888 (arguably into 1889 in a very diminished form), increasing the size of a woman's backside, while sleeves were worn quite fitted to the arm; then from 1889 the sleeve began to increase in volume to the stereotypical leg o'mutton sleeves of the mid-1890s, while the skirt lost all posterior emphasis and took on an A-line shape. In this sense, it's somewhat predictable.

But in other ways it is not predictable. A great comparison for this purpose is the periods 1810-1825 and 1910-1925. Both of these periods start out with similar women's dress: high waisted, with a columnar skirt. (This is not a coincidence; the couturiers of the 1910s were taking inspiration from the former.) By 1820, the waist was being placed between the bottom of the bust and the natural waist, and by 1825, it was at the natural level; the bodice being fitted never really changed and the skirt went from a column to a cone with back emphasis. But in the 1910s, the waist was fashionably just above or just below the natural level from 1916 through 1921, with a loose and unfitted or partially fitted bodice; the skirt was full, with a flare to it during the war years, then a more drapey silhouette. By 1922, the narrow, waistless line that's thought of as stereotypically 1920s was in fashion, albeit with a longer hemline than is usually connected with the decade.

So, to recap, in the 1810s-1820s the fashionable woman's silhouette went from a narrow column to a full-length hourglass, but in the 1910s-1920s it went from a narrow column to a full column to a different sort of narrow column. In hindsight, we can see why the different philosophies, different cultural influences, different social contexts and standards provoked different reactions, but that's hindsight. There are too many factors to draw any rule from the past, except that fashions will change.