Let me preface this with that I am a physicist, not a historian. With that said, in 1955, the American Institute of Physics started publishing translations into English of the Soviet Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. They described the situation like so,

For a number of reasons physics journals published in the Soviet Union have not enjoyed an especially wide circulation in the United States, but even if the mails suddenly were to be filled with Soviet physics periodicals there would still be the difficulty that scarcely one American physicist in a hundred can read enough Russian to make use of a scientific paper in that language. While it has been argued that so glaring a deficiency should and eventually must be remedied in the schooling of future physicists, the fact remains that physicists in this country have been unable to follow the published literature of Soviet research, even by means of translations.

and had the following to say about the JETP:

The Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, a monthly publication of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, is comparable in scope and in contents to The Physical Review. [...] The journal is one of the principal physics publications in the Soviet Union and is, in fact, virtually the only clearing house for lengthy articles in theoretical physics.

Around this time Physical Review is perhaps the top journal in English in physics. (Today it's split into five, Phys. Rev. A through E, but "everyone" still reads it.)

This seems to indicate that Soviet research in physics was respected and held in high regard by American physicists. It could be different for other fields, especially, I imagine, biology.