I'm a jew in Japan during WW2 how am I viewed by my government, and are there any discrimination against me?

by ByzantiumStronk
commiespaceinvader

With suspicion but not as a problem is the best summation of Japanese policy vis a vis Jews in its territories during WWII.

Don't get me wrong, there existed a type of modern anti-Semitism in Japan that is so familiar to us from its European inception. The idea of a Jewish Bolshevism and the closely connected idea of a Jewish conspiracy birthed in Russia during Czarist times of the early 20th century and popularized throughout Europe in the wake of the Bolshevik revolution 100 years ago and the following revolutionary upheaval in Central Europe also made to Japan.

Officers involved in fighting in the Russian Civil War went on to translate the Protocols of the Elders of Zion into Japanese in the 1920s while certain intellectuals and journalists who had studied in Europe also went on to write anti-Semitic treatises concerning Jewish conspiracy and Bolshevism as a Jewish project during the 1930s.

The study of modern day anti-Semitism has always taken the Japanese case as an interesting model since Japan was a society that aside from a community of negligible numbers had virtually no experience with Jews first hand. The development of a public discourse of anti-Semitism in such a country not only shows that the phenomenon itself has little to nothing to do with actual Jews but rather is a part of a sort of intellectual heritage of European modernity itself. And where the ideas of European modernity spread, anti-Semitism – at least as an intellectual public idea – followed.

However, while certainly present in Japanese public discourse, it was neither very pervasive nor very successful in terms of becoming official policy. During the war, policy towards Jews – the biggest community being the about 30.000 Jews of Shanghai – living under Japanese occupation or administration was one that seriously curtailed freedoms of movement and others but it did not differ greatly from the general policy regarding other European nationals in Japanese controlled or occupied territory.

Shanghai and Japan had been some of the last places Jews from Europe could emigrate to. And due to the non-governmental sanctioned actions of Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara – Japanese consul in Lithuania until 1942 who issued travel visas to Jews – several thousand Jews were able to to emigrate as late as 1941. They travelled via the Soviet Union either to Shanghai or to Kobe in Japan. While many of those who arrived in Kobe were also later forced to relocate to Shanghai, others used it as a spring board to emigrate to Palestine and the US (before Pearl Harbor).

In terms of treatment of Jews under Japanese rule, what stands out is that while Japanese Imperial authorities in Shanghai did establish a Ghetto of sorts for the Jews of the city, mainly those of Polish and German origin who had lost their citizenship due to German policy and accordingly were treated as stateless, the Japanese government also resisted or shot-down all German attempts to get them to implement any sort of radical anti-Jewish policy.

Following Japan's entry into the war in 1941, the Nazis via their Gestapo liaison in Tokyo, Josef Meisinger, exerted constant pressure on the Japanese Imperial Government to hand over especially the Jews in Shanghai. Meisinger wished the Japanese to deport them to a German Concentration Camp. With japan not budging to the these requests and realizing that he wouldn't get far after some point, Meisinger suggested the Japanese set up their own concentration camp for these Jews to exploit them via forced labor and maybe even kill them. This way, we know the Japanese government was aware of the Holocaust but apparently held no desire to participate in it.

In general, their policy can be summed up as Jews holding citizenship of any country would be accorded treatment comparable to citizens of that country. Jews without citizenship would be considered stateless and this group of Jews – as many other non-Japanese nationals and persons living under their control would be under surveillance because of their "racial characteristics." Jews they considered a benefit to their rule – i.e. those few in positions of political or economic power – on the other hand would receive a sort of privileged status; again a policy that roughly aligned with that towards other European nationals under their rule.

While it is important to emphasize that despite the presence of a Japanese anti-Semitism these measures didn't actively threatened Jewish lives, it is also imperative to highlight that Japanese policies concerning Jews were also not exactly easy-living. Subjected to curtailed freedoms and interred in Shanghai, many were motivated to resist Japanese policy for its at its core racist treatment of non-Japanese nationals. Three cases that encapsulate this phenomenon are those of Jakob Rosenfeld, Richard Frey, and Fritz Jensens; three Austrian Jews who fled the Nazis to China.

Rosenfeld had been interned in Dachau and Buchenwald following the German Anschluß of Austria but managed to obtain a travel visa to Shanghai in 1939. While there and experiencing the consequences of Japanese rule over the city and China as a whole, he – a communist – joined the Mao's resistance against the Japanese. Fighting in their fourth and eight army against both the Japanese and the Kuomintang, Rosenfeld, who was a surgeon by trade, managed to rise to ranks of China's Red Army and rose to the rank of General – the only non-Chinese general of the Chinese Red Army. After Mao's victory in the Civil War in 1949, he returned first to Austria and then emigrated to Israel, where he died in 1952; still being celebrated as a hero in contemporary China.

Richard Frey – originally named Stein – had a similar experience. He too a doctor by trade and also participating in the war of Mao's Red Army because of what he had seen in Japanese controlled China, he was not only the first doctor to mass produce penicillin in China but also a highly decorated veteran of the CRA and member of the Communist Party. After the war he stayed in China. Surviving various purges and waves of repression during Mao's rule, he was able to – among other things – establish China's first medical database in the early 80s. He died in 2004 and is still celebrated in contemporary China.

Fritz Jensen was also a doctor, communist, and 1939 emigrant to Shanghai. He too had close ties to the Chinese Red Army though his main focus was on work with the Chinese Red Cross delivering relief to areas devastated by famine and war. In 1948 he returned to Austria and became a prominent communist journalist, later being one of the few who through his connections in China was allowed to interview Ho-Chi Minh in 1954. He died in 1954 in a plane crash and is buried in Beijing today.

feartrich

Also, do we know what the lives of people saved by Chiune Sugihara were like during the war?

cckerberos

Just for clarification, are you asking about Jews of Japanese ancestry or foreign Jews residing in Japan?