Many factors contributed; while you wait for a detailed and expert response to your question, here are a couple to consider:

i. The Haitian revolt was made possible in part by the turmoil in France that followed the French Revolution, which not only provided inspiration for some Haitian slave leaders, but made it harder for the colonial power to send reinforcements. A similar level of turmoil did not occur in the US until the Civil War, which of course did result in the end of slavery there as well.

ii. Everyday mortality in Haiti was FAR higher than in the US. This had some important consequences - for one thing, a very high proportion, well over than half, of the Haitian slaves who revolted were first-generation. Many of them had served in the armies of African states and had useful military skills (prisoners of war were a key source of manpower for African slave-traders), which was not the case in the US, where the slave population was self sustaining and in fact grew at about the same pace as the white population did. This meant that the great majority of American slaves were born in the US and had no military training or experience.

Concomitantly, disease was an effective destroyer of colonial armies sent in to try to crush the Haitian rebellion. Napoleon's Saint-Domingue Expedition of 1801-03 lost 23,000 dead, two thirds to yellow fever; its original strength has been estimated at under 30,000 men.

iii. Slaves were in a significant majority in Haiti. There were about 40,000 white planters and petit blancs, and 30,000 free blacks, to half a million slaves. In contrast, the number of slaves in the US never rose to 20% of the total population, though of course the proportion was higher in the slave states.

iv. It's hard to organise slave revolts unless slaves are able to meet to make plans. This was possible in Haiti, in part because the state was simply relatively small, but also because the proportion of slaves was so high that some had to be entrusted with jobs that allowed them to move around the island. (For instance, Boukman, one of the earliest slave leaders in Haiti, was a coachman; Toussaint Louverture was a free black whose work, pre-revolution, apparently also included acting as a coachman; his knowledge of the island and its geography may have been quite good.) Slave owners in the US generally made it harder for slaves from different plantations to meet, and the geography of the US was such that it would have been almost impossible to co-ordinate a large scale revolt over an entire state or several states; any attempt would almost certainly have been discovered.

v. Geography (not least British command of the sea) also played an important part in making it difficult for France to respond quickly and effectively to the outbreak of revolt in Haiti, whereas the slave revolts that did occur in the US were very much on the doorstep of the authorities who were expected to put them down.

vi. Religion also played a part. US slaveowners encouraged Christianity in part because it made it easier to transmit messages of subservience and obedience. In contrast, the slave population of Haiti was only very nominally Christianised. A large number of Haitian slaves still followed African religions; if the controversial Bois Caïman ceremony that the consensus still tends to accept took place immediately before the initial outbreak of rebellion in Haiti occurred as subsequently described, it would appear to have been an African religious ceremony aimed at binding the revolting slaves together and giving them confidence they had divine backing for their rising.

The conditions in Haiti in the early 19th century favored a rebellion more-so than they did in other places.

To start with, the principle crop (sugarcane) on Saint Domingue was very labor intensive. As a result, a large number of imported African slaves ended up on Saint Dominigue. People of European descent were a very small proportion of the population in Haiti compared to, say, the American South.

Second to consider is the climate. Mosquito bourne illnesses like Yellow Fever and Malaria affected different populations in different ways. Contact with Yellow Fever in childhood would generally result in a mild illness and confer a life-long immunity from further infections. Infections in adulthood could be quite lethal. As a result, the life long residents of Saint Domingue were far more likely to be immune, while Eurpoean visitors proved rather vulnerable. Similarly, people of African descent tend to fare better at resisting Malaria than those of European descent.

At the time of the rebellion on Saint Domingue, there was an incomplete understanding of the way that these mosquito borne illnesses are transmitted. What information they did have seemed to indicate that the rainy season was a sick time for visitors, or large populations of non-immunes. Toussaint Louverture, Haitian leader of the Rebellion, even understood this connection and would council his hard liners eager for a confromtation with French arms to be patient and allow the 'climate' to do it's work on the French soldiers sent to put down the insurrection.

Information from...

Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the Greater Caribbean, 1620-1914 by J.R. McNeil

1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created by Charles C. Mann