Yes, it did. Not immediately after 1789, but certainly by 1792 and the end of the monarchy, the 'old-fashioned' politeness associated with 'Monsieur' [which means literally 'my lord', sieur being related to the English 'sire'] was seen as counter-revolutionary by radicals, and 'citizen' had started to replace it as a form of address. Around the time of the Terror, 1793-94, it would have been extremely suspect to address anyone publicly any other way. After the fall of Robespierre, although such distinctions became less dangerous, the Republic kept innovations like this, and the Republican Calendar, into the first years of the 19th century. As time went on they tended to be reserved for more 'official' usage, and everyday folk fell back into older habits. Only as Napoleon consolidated his imperial rule did 'republican' ways disappear.

J.M. Anderson, Daily Life During the French Revolution, 2007, is a handy guide to such points.