When did banshees/washer women/hags of the mist start appearing in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales? Do these apparitions ever have sinister intentions or are they always indifferently heralding death? Are they descended from older folklore?

by chikindiner
itsallfolklore

There are a cluster of motifs and stories here that overlap more or less, but connections would be easy to exaggerate and it is easy to see them as having old roots. A good, thoughtful source on this is Évelyne Sorlin: Cris de vie, cris de mort. Les fées du destin dans les pays celtiques. (Folklore Fellows Communications 248: 1991).

Roots of what you are asking about are deep, but as with all things, they become tangled. And it is always important that change is the rule when considering elements that exhibit some continuity. Sorlin argues for a bedrock of cultural tradition that involved old women caring for the dead, washing their bodies and combing their hair before burial and keening - mourning - the loss. There is also an old ubiquitous tradition of the fates, supernatural women who weave the destinies of people, determining when they will be born, who they will meet and marry, and when they will die. Because of their role in determining the hour of death, it was easy - according to this construct - to link them with the old women who cared for the dead. It is then easy see a connection with that unique Irish female fairy - the banshee (whose name means woman fairy) - as the supernatural hag who is summoned at the hour of death, wails in mourning, and is associated with a comb and the combing of hair (see in particular, Patricia Lysaght, The Banshee: The Irish Death Messenger (1986). The banshee, like the fates, and the women who care for the dead likely have unique roots, but they were easy to blur together.

There is a great deal of coincidence and overlap here. Connecting these sorts of dots often results in too much emphasis on connections and a single track of cultural flow. While it is hard to ignore connections, one must understand that the cultural flow necessarily implies a great deal of change and drifting apart. Cultural practices and stories can influence one another and then separate and drift in different directions. Some of these entities no doubt have been viewed on occasion as being sinister, but this was probably not the bedrock of any of these motifs or cultural practices. We may curse the cause or the hour of death, but it is universally recognized that we are not going to escape it and we can't blame the agency of death with too much vigor.