What was the American occupation and pacification campaign in The Philippines like from a moral standpoint, and how did it compare to similar actions from other imperialist countries at the time?

by ElectricVladimir

In American history class in American public schools I learned that America occupied and pacified The Philippines after the Spanish-American war and committed atrocities when it did, but the whole thing was rushed and I never got much of any sort of detail. What specifically did occupying forces do while there, and how does it compare to other case studies of colonialist atrocities?

ghosthomes

Frequently the Philippine-American War is called the "first Vietnam" by historians, because some of the "pacifying" techniques used by Americans in Vietnam were also utilized in the Philippines. Two of the techniques used in the Philippines include scorched earth policy and "strategic hamleting," which involved the creation of small villages intended to tempt peasants away from the countryside and therefore, Americans thought, away from the temptations of the revolutionary army vying for a republican government (commonly known as 'guerillas'). This was very effective as a measure of control and allowed for considerable disenfranchisement, economically and culturally.

It's hard to make a comparison to other colonial efforts, except that the occupation of the Philippines was very much a textbook case of imperialism and colonialism, with the usual gambit of massive loss of life, culture and prosperity for indigenous populations, despite that the mission was labeled "counterguerilla" in nature (hence the involvement of the term 'pacification'). Don't forget that the Spanish-American War was very much a fight lodged by colonizing powers but fought in the colonies, for power over those colonies, since colonies (if declining) still functioned as the primary measure of a European country's power and status in the late 19th century. Filipinos were left with land stripped of resources, a ruined economy, and cultural disenfranchisement, including of language (English became dominant) and religion (the Catholic Church was ousted as state religion -- itself a function of Spanish occupation). Throw in 200k-250k Filipinos dead by the time the Philippines declared independence in 1947 -- genocidal levels -- and it's very characteristic of colonial atrocities of the time.

Sources: Andrew J. Birtle, United States Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine, Chapter 4 Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions : Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century, Chapter 6