In 1884, over some protest, the countries of the world adopted the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England as 0 degree longitutde: the baseline measure for navigation and time. I don't know about "psyche," but that seems like a pretty clear marker of British imperial power in its own and others' perceptions. Here's an 1889 British map, for example, with Britain pretty close to the east-west center and, by cartographer's choice, its temporal location smack in the middle: "mid-day."

The idea of a Christian "center of the world" organizing map construction isn't British colonial--it's Latin medieval, broadly conceived and disseminated. Educated medieval people, at least, understood the world divided into three landmasses: Europe, Asia, and Africa. They met at the geographic and spiritual center of the world, Jerusalem.

The classic Latin mappa mundi, a so-called "T-O" map, makes this arrangement clear. Here's my favorite example, from an early 12C French manuscript known as the Liber Floridus. The illuminator catalogues the peoples of Asia and Europe but gets to Africa (which means northern, ex-Roman Africa) and says, "There are too many people so here's a list of the Roman provinces.

But while T-O maps may have placed England at a remove from Jerusalem, medieval writers moved the opposite direction. The history/legend of King Arthur, invented/embellished by Geoffrey of Monmouth as a foundational work of British national identity in the face of the Norman conquest's aftermath, developed a backstory in the early 13th century in tandem to the introduction of the various knights' quest for the Holy Grail. Oddly enough, it was a French invention first: Joseph of Arimathea had caught the blood of Christ on the cross in the graal from the Last Supper, and taken it with him to Avalon--to Britain. To jump forward for a moment: complete with Grail legend, the Arthurian saga along with romanticized medievalism in general witnessed skyrocketing popularity at the British Empire's geographic zenith in the 19th century. That would seem to be the opposite of an obsessive restriction of the British Isles to the edges of the Christian and intellectual-historical world. As to the geographic world?

A group of developments in the 15th-16th centuries swirled into what we might call the desacralization of European world geography, if we want to be so pretentious that we are using the royal we. The broadening of education beyond Church control, the decline of Jerusalem-focused crusader spirituality in conjunction with shifting geopolitics, the creation of better navigation-friendly maps for Iberian and then other explorers, and the injection into the Latin world of ancient Greek maps (or: the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration) are probably the most important.

First, from the Greek tradition comes the northward orientation, although it took some time for this one to settle in. (Medieval Arab cartographers, who did not lose the Greek tradition, seem to have preferred south upwards; the European preference might be due to the North Star or might just be copying the Ptolemaic manuscripts).

Second, the addition of the Americas and eventually the eastern edge of Asia to the European conception of the globe presented cartographers with a new challenge that persists: how to depict a globe on a flat sheet. There were several options. The iconic "Renaissance map" presents the world as two circular hemispheres--carrying on the medieval tradition of emphasizing the globus mundi, the orb of the world. Generally, the "Old World" remained its T-O/Ptolemaic focus, with Jerusalem as a rough or adjusted center; this put the "New World" as a new hemisphere. And over and over, probably because Europeans sailed across the Atlantic, the New World went on the left side and the Old World on the right. Britain might be north, but it was hardly the most distant point from the geographic center of the map. The dual hemisphere placement was sometimes flattened out into a rectangle, but this again preserved the Atlantic Ocean as the centerpiece, with Britain right on its edge.

If you're interested, OP, there is an incredibly rich body of scholarship on how the European empires, especially (but not only) the British Empire, used the act of mapping the lands they seized as a tool of control and suppression. "British imperial cartography" is a good Google search to start with.