The Ottoman empire regarded the Jews as important subjects, not least for their commercial ties throughout the world. For example, after the Jews were expelled from Spain during the Inquisition, the Ottoman Sultan sent a large naval contingent to 'rescue' the Jews and take them to constantinople.

In my opinion, anti semitism was more prevalent in the Christian world for much of history due to the biblical stories concerning Jesus and the Jews - that is, Jesus was betrayed by the Jews of Jerusalem, whereas there are not any similar stories in the Islamic canon.

Part 1:

It's largely undisputed that Jews were treated "better" in Muslim lands than in Christian lands, but really only in the sense that there were comparatively fewer large mass forced expulsions and mass murder. Jews were declared "protected" as believers in Allah in exchange for various submissive gestures - jizya being the most well known. But the declaration of "protected" and actually being "protected" was subject to the reality of historical administrative law enforcement.

By no means were the Jews of Arab lands ever treated "well". While a Jew could ascend to positions of moderate power and influence, the Jewish communities largely and regularly were subjected to social and systematic discrimination, pogroms, and worse.

Some of the best sources for how Jews lived in Muslim lands are contemporaneous accounts of travellers and missionaries in the Muslim world.

In the Maghreb, life was no picnic:

The most notable case of persecution of Jews occurred, in 1863, in Morocco, a country in which as in Mohammedan countries in general they have often been taxed, fined, beaten with "khoorbashes," bastinadoed with maize canes; in which they have been torn from their shops by agas and emirs to work for nothing, laughed at in the law courts, derided in public, oppressed in private, their complaints disregarded, their rights ignored, and their adopted home made for them a place of misery and shame.

The account of their sufferings induced that celebrated Jewish philanthropist, Sir Moses Montefiore, to undertake a journey to the sultan of Morocco, to implore justice for his co-religionists.

It should be noted that his pleadings were taken graciously by the Sultan and he did order that the pogroms desist.

Appletons' Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year, 1863

In Alexandria, Egypt, Christian missionaries were travelling and wrote about the life of Jews in 1882:

The Mohammedans have acquired a very bitter feeling toward the Christians and the Jews, and are ever ready to join in any demonstration or insurrection against them, if they have any reason to suppose such a movement agreeable to the rulers of the city. Given a chief of police like the one in office in 1882, and another scene like that of June 11th of that year, with all its barbaric horrors and cruelty, would be enacted, for the elements suitable for such an act are ever ready.

The encyclopædia of missions: descriptive, historical, biographical, statistical, Volume 1,

In Damascus, a British journalist travelling in Syria described how a Jew could be wealthy, but still had to sit on the floor to eat in Muslim company:

The rich Jew, Mallim Yusef, who conducted us to the presence of the kihyah bey, seated himself with the greatest possible humility on the floor beneath us, at the feet of his superiors who occupied the sofa, first kneeling, and then sitting back while kneeling, on the heels and soles of his feet, with these and his hands completely covered, in an attitude and with an air of the most abject and unqualified humiliation. Mr. Bankes was dressed as a Turkish effendi, or private and unmilitary person : I still continued to wear the less showy garments of the Christian merchant, with which I had replaced my Bedouin garb. The rich Jew was dressed in the most costly garments, including Cashmere shawls, Russian furs, Indian silks, and English broad-cloth : all, however, being of dark colours, since none but the orthodox Mohammedans are allowed to wear either green, red, yellow, azure, or white, in any of their garments, which are therefore, however costly in material, almost restricted to dark browns, blacks, and blues. Among the party was also a Moslem dervish, with a patchwork and party-coloured bonnet of a sugar loaf shape, and his body scarcely half covered with rags and tattered garments ; his naked limbs obtruding themselves most offensively, and his general appearance being indecent and disgusting.

It was impossible not to be struck forcibly with the different modes of reception and treatment adopted towards us, more particularly as contrasted with our real and apparent conditions. The Jew, who was by far the wealthiest and the most powerful of all present, who lived in the most splendid house in Damascus, and fed from his table more than a hundred poor families every day, who literally managed the great machine of government, and had influence enough, both here and at Constantinople, to procure the removal of the present bey from his post if he desired it, was obliged to kneel in the presence of those who could not have carried on the affairs of government without his aid, while the dervish, contemptible alike for his ignorance and arrogant assumption of superiority, was admitted to the seat of honour, and, with ourselves, who were of a faith as far removed from their own as the Jew's, was served with coffee, sherbet, and perfumes, and treated by the attendants with all the marks of submission and respect.

Travels Among the Arab Tribes Inhabiting the Countries East of Syria and Palestine, 1816

All the way east to Iran:

Nowhere in Persia are the Jews so badly persecuted as in Shiraz. The chief Mollah has promulgated the following laws with regards to them:

1st. "They must not wear ordinary clothes like the Mohammedans." This law is carried to such an extent that no Jew dare put on a black hat like the Moslems.

2nd. "The Jews must not ride on horse, mule, or donkey to the towns." (I did not see one Jew acting contrary to this law.)

3rd. "A pervert to the Mohammedan religion has a right to claim the whole property of his deceased relative." At the present time the perverts have not so much power as before, and dare not claim the whole of the property, but they trouble their relatives, and get about 500 kerans from them, and then leave them in peace.

4th. "If a Mohammedan is in debt to a Jew, the Jew must not force him to pay, but the Moslem may pay his debt at his own pleasure; but if a Jew owes to a Mohammedan he must pay him on the first notice."

5th "If a Mollah or priest beats a Jew in the street or abuses him, that Jew must not return the abuse, but must pass on quietly."

These laws are in some respects similar to those enacted by the Mollahs of Ispahan for the Jews of that town. (See Jewish Intelligence, November, 1889, page 116.) About six years ago, when Prince Zel-El Sultan was the Chief Governor of the whole of the South of Persia, he ordered the Chief Mollah of Shiraz to be brought to Ispahan, because he used to trouble the Jews. He obeyed the order, and come to Ispahan, where he was kept until June, 1888, when the Prince was deposed. He then returned to Shiraz and commenced his enmity against the Jews.

"Jewish Missionary Intelligence," July, 1893

Ottomans really liked jews because they were tax-payers also they abide the laws they used jews as spies (for example cyprus taken with great effort of a jewish spy)In 20th century Ottoman jews became supporters of Turkish nationalism (Emanuel Karasu) after the republic some of them Turkified themselves (For example Munis Tekinalp)