https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5a0ryv/at_what_point_in_western_history_did_certain/
Here are a bunch of threads that delve into various aspects of your question.
While there's been some good information posted here to some other links, I figured I would mention one other thing. Members of the colonial gentry ate meals quiet a bit more lavished than your average person. A great example of this (because the sources still exist) is George Washington's Mount Vernon.
Breakfast was usually served around 7:00AM and prepared by slaves and usually summoned by a bell. The diary of Benjamin Latrope, who visited the estate in 1796 gave us some interesting insight into what the Washington's served their guests for breakfast. Breakfast consisted of tea, coffee, and a variety of meats (some even served cold). Other visitors also had breakfasts which heavily favored meat, including ham, cold corned beef, red herring, and cold mutton. They also were usually accompanied by fresh vegetables.
Strange as it may seem, chocolate was also sometimes served for breakfast, but usually just when guests arrived. Washington desired to be a very generous host to his guests. His accounting books also give us a lot of insight. In 1785, Washington outlined that he's been receiving hundreds of visitors a year and that he feels compelled to honor them with his hospitality. This included paying for all their meals, which was very expensive. In this year, he paid for 584 breakfasts (and 757 dinners!). Hog meat was the meat most used during this year, which they used 16,000 pound of it just for guests -- and none of these figures include his own family members of the cost of feeding the servants and slaves of his guests.
edit: spelling
Hello everyone,
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I'm sure there is plenty to add on to this, and I'm pretty interested in this question too, but I just wanted to add a couple links to comments from other threads answering similar questions:
/u/hiphopothecary discusses how and why coffee became associated with the breakfast routine
/u/cecikierk briefly dives into the creation of "breakfast foods" like cereal, pancakes, and muffins
A follow-up question: Growing up in a Chinese family in a heavily Asian-American community, we generally ate traditional Chinese breakfast foods: baozi, congee, soy milk, dim sum, etc. When did foods like these develop and become associated with breakfast in China?