The 17th century? Presuming you're referring to European philosophy, and sampling on the substantially eminent: while I'm not sure it makes much sense to speak of a 'typical day', elite philosophers i) very commonly held lecturerships or professorships at universities, ii) were engaged to tutor and guide eminent folks and their children, including monarchs, and iii) were awarded state pensions in recognition of their work by monarchs. For example:

• Hobbes was tutor to the Prince of Wales (later Charles II of England), who later made him a state pensioner of England.
• Descartes taught at the University of Utrecht and was awarded (though never actually received) a French state pension by Louis XIV; he also variously advised and/or tutored the Elector of Bavaria, Prince of Orange, and Queen (regnant) of Sweden, as well as Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia.
• Leibniz counseled the Elector of Mainz, the Electors of Brunswick-Lüneberg/Hanover, the Queen of Prussia, the Princess of Wales, and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors

Then there's Spinoza, who declined the above kind of life in favor of remaining a lens grinder his entire life.

Thanks a lot, that's exactly the answer I was looking for