I did manage to find an old article in Burke's Peerage that touches on the subject ( archived link here)[https://web.archive.org/web/20050422052310/http://www.burkes-peerage.net/Sites/Scotland/SitePages/page16-18b.asp]. Relevant quotation:

Proven descendants in line of families which flourished in Saxon times are, according to historians, three:-Arden, Berkeley and Swinton, of which the oldest seems to be Swinton. Only the last family held before 1066 the land they still own at Swinton in Berwickshire. In England there are a few families still owning estates granted them in the eleventh century immediately after the Conquest. Amongst them are Dymoke of Scrivelsby, Berkeley of Berkeley and Shirley of Ettington (mentioned in Domesday and now represented by Earl Ferrers). Giffard of Chillington (a tenth century family which came over with the Conqueror and is mentioned in Domesday) were not granted Chillington until 1178.

The Berkeley family has its own Wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_family

The article mainly concerns the minor nobility. Of the major nobility, I suspect they have been too heavily affected by assorted political upheavals for any of them to have held onto the same land through all this time. There are some debatable cases, depending on what you would consider to be the same family - for example, the de Veres were awarded Hedingham at the time of the Domesday Book, and the current owner of Hedingham Castle (Jason Lindsay) does claim descent from the de Veres, but he doesn't have the family name...

Then there is the question of the royal family. If you count them as one family, then the Crown still owns a number of castles and other properties that were established by William the Conqueror.