Recently I read that in 16-17 century (pre 30 years war), the Habsburgs dynasty accumulated enormous debts due to its war with the Ottoman Empire and the constant cost of south-eastern border defense. So I wonder what the Sultan's budget balance looked like at the time, did they get the same problem?
I would also hope that someone can explain how the Ottoman Empire's public finance works. For example: What did the income of the states consist of other than tax? Could the state borrow money to fund its military campaigns or construction projects? If yes, who did they borrow from (I have zero knowledge about contemporary Islamic finance, much less its early modern version)? Beside military, construction and paying salary, did the Ottoman Empire has other issues they need to spend regularly on like social benefit, charity...
The Ottoman Empire dealt with budgetary issues but they were nowhere near as severe as those faced by the Habsburgs, largely due to the extra income the Ottomans were receiving each year from the Arab provinces, above all Egypt. Generally speaking, the Ottomans experienced consistent surpluses during the sixteenth century and consistent deficits during the seventeenth, but were able to keep afloat due to the aforementioned Egyptian remittances.
The Ottomans relied primarily upon tax revenue in cash, but could rely upon several other methods of raising revenue in a pinch. Unlike in Europe, there were no rich bankers to borrow funds from, but the empire could and did enact forced loans from the wealthier members of the political elite. To affray the costs of the army on campaign, the Ottomans frequently requisitioned supplies from the local population, repaying the peasants at prices below market value. The most consistent source of money for emergencies was the private treasury of the sultan, but that still falls under the category of "tax revenue" to a certain extent. Aside from military salaries, the Ottomans also needed to pay for the upkeep of the palace, along with the educational institutions attached to it. There were also construction projects and money set aside for the maintenance of the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and Medina, although those took up much smaller portions of the budget than the military and the palace.
So as an example, the budget for a single year, 1669/70, saw expenses of 612.3 million against an income of only 567.6 million. More than 90% of the budget went toward military and palace expenses.
Faroqhi, Suraiya (1994). "Crisis and Change, 1590–1699". In İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. Vol 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 541–2.