I would like to preface that the biblical Jesus may have been different than the historic Jesus. In my answer, I refer to the biblical Jesus. To begin, I suggest looking up John 18:10-11 (KJV):

10Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was Malchus. 11Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it?

Jesus, while not necessarily opposed to violent acts, was not a fan of violence against human beings. To provide a specific example of where Jesus was violent, see Matthew 21:12 (KJV):

12And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, 13And said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves.

Jesus was overall opposed to violence against people (in other words, one individual physically harming another individual was a no-no.) To hire a bodyguard would be hypocritical, as the bodyguard would be tasked with using violence against others. It would also be a test against God as Jesus would be making the assumption that it was in God's plan for somebody to harm him before his time.

In Matthew 4:1-11, Jesus is wandering the desert and is tempted by Satan who provides 3 tests:

a) The test of bread:

3 And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.

4 But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.

b) the test of God:

6 And saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.

7 Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God.

c) the test of power:

8 Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them;

9 And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me.

In each of the instances, Jesus keeps to his guns and denies Satan (for an interesting literary discussion on Matthew 4:1-11, the poem "The Grand Inquisitor" is fascinating, nevertheless). To hire bodyguards would be a test of God -- in essence, Jesus would be saying "I'm prepared for whatever you, God, wants to throw at me... see these guys with sharp pointy objects."

So no, Jesus did not have anybody surrounding him specifically dedicated to protecting him. To do so would be to deny God's plan it's authority and to say that he, Jesus, had the ability and the authority to work against something much, much greater.