Not quite your specific request, but tangentially related.

If you wanted to understand households in early 1900s America I would recommend the study Domestic Service by Lucy Salmon. Available online here: https://archive.org/details/domesticservice01salmgoog

It was published in 1897, but has a wealth of information to help shape the attitudes, social structures, and daily lives of people in this time. You can skip over the Colonial and European sections, but the parts about increasing industrialization are important to this period.

This covers more than a short story would, more like a big saga.

Only you know what your story is and who your characters are, and when they're in which area. If they're only in NYC in 1917, it doesn't help you to give you a bunch of 1920s stuff for the Big Apple. I can send you to a page of hard-boiled slang, but would your three generations of honest working women ever encounter a gunsel with a roscoe? Giving the feeling of Real Life for one city in one year in one social group is hard enough. It would be writing a book (though with luck you will get thirty different people here each chiming in with a page of notes and a dozen titles). You could be said to have just asked for pointers for "people of all ages and social types, across the US, excluding only the West and Southwest." Sheesh! :-D

First off: "It all depends." How common electricity or telephones &c, are in your character's world depends on whether you're writing a rural Texas hard-scrabble farmer in 1912 or a moderately successful Brooklyn lawyer in 1928. What's ordinary in NYC is exotic big-city stuff in the Virginia Piedmont. So you have to investigate each of your questions in each of your places in each of your years that applies.

The only one that can be answered across the board is railway travel: it rules, and has since the ACW.

Trains went everywhere, if you check the maps of the period. The maps don't show roads, highways, or turnpikes between cities: they just show the railways. (see below for more on this)

As all histfi writers know, part of what determines your story is what you find. If research hands you a set piece, from a raid by G-men to life as a taxi dancer, it's hard to pass that up if it fits at all. Also, you might be really determined to do a story about, say, a speak-easy's accountant, but if you can't find any information on how they worked, you may be a bit stuck. In early stages of research, you have to be flexible. Write down what it is about the period that makes you want to write in it, and keep that handy to keep you focused. If your primary thing is to show how the traumas of 1917-18 changed a young man, or how the world opened up for a woman, maybe a bit later in life than would do her the most good, or how the war on booze paralleled the war on drugs, or you just want to show the new wildness of the party life, you have to remember not to drift off from that. Unless you really want to drift because of what you find. That's one of the beauties of writing on spec: you only answer to yourself. "Forget that barnstormer! I'm going to make the story about his sister who 'goes bad' and has a fun and crazy life that seems almost normal to us."

Specifically for histfi writers, the 50 Books system, is a guide to what you need to cover to get a good general grasp of a period and everyday life. It's real easy to read thirty books on Prohibition and WW1 and forget to check on transportation, religion, or medicine, let alone daily cooking before noodle bowls and frozen foods. Be sure to move on to the Near History guide, which is geared to 20th C stuff. It reminds you to look into transportation and home entertainment -- most people, middle-class and above, have card parties to host or attend. Only toward the end of your period do you get radio on speakers rather than headphones. For stuff like that, I usually find it in magazines, whether movie summaries and fashion in Photoplay or what's new in kitchen gadgets, radio, photography, and autos in Popular Science Monthly.

There's a specific sample guide for 1926 New York City, but the next bibliography is back is 1899 NYC.

Grace M. Mayer's Once Upon a City: New York from 1890 to 1910, is a lap-breaker based on the Byron Collection of photographs. You always have to look at "What have my characters already lived through?" a bit. After all, the 20-year-old in 1915 was born in 1895 and was doing his/her teens in 1910, but the 40yo was born in 1875, and experienced, at least through the papers, the Spanish-American War and the Philippines Rebellion and remembers bustles. They are both going to enjoy the trauma of the Spanish Influenza, though the younger is more likely to die in it.

MacDonald's Riding Side-Saddle points out that the 1920s was the high point of side-saddle design: saddle trees from back then go for top dollar, even if in need of complete re-work. So you may still women riding like that in the Park, or on the ranch, since the 1922 Montgomery Ward catalog sells cowgirl stock saddles for those who ride aside, as well as the more usual English styles.

Prohibition: Thirteen Years That Changed America by Edward Behr is good on that subject, as is Last Call The Rise and Fall of Prohibition by Daniel Okrent. But you must read "Where America Gets Its Booze" in the May 1930 issue of Popular Science Monthly, starting on p. 19 (check Google Books), because it's a history of the sources of bootleg alcohol, which was rarely run in large quantities from outside the country, it turns out. That smallish percentage was the most expensive stuff for the carriage trade.

Teenage: The Prehistory of Youth Culture: 1875-1945 by Jon Savage (who earlier wrote a book on the post-War development of youth culture) gives you a guide to how different and alike being a teenager can be. Notably, it's only by the end of your period that half the teen population goes to high school. A lot of them finish 8th or 9th grade and go to work.

Beth L. Bailey's From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America starts in the Teens, but is strong by the 1920s, showing how "dating" developed in the place of "courting." Much of this is pulled out of college manuals, though, so it's going to be modified for the blue-collar sort.

I'm inclined to recommend a memoir, Where the Twenties Weren't Roaring by Catherine Dycus. It's Kentucky in 1926-29, but reflects rural life throughout America, where most books are focused on cities and suburbs, and the concerns on the middle and upper class white-collar worker. It will mostly have the changes of radio and auto as the main differences from earlier years, what with its camp meetings and church socials. You can also find some stories of the time in Appalachia in the early Foxfire books (I only read through 5), from bear-hunting to horse-trading.

Dycus also covers an automobile tour, and it's good to note that roads were evolving tremendously during your period. You are covering a lot of territory there. 2000 Miles on an Automobile: Being a Desultory Narrative of a Trip Through New England, New York, Canada, and the West by "Chauffeur" (Arthur Jerome Eddy) is 1902 and detours heavily through Transcendental authors and the Presidential assassination, but the description of roads right outside NYC is revelatory (also the failure to yet invent the gas station). The fad for bicycling started a demand for improved roads that really didn't get going until after the European War (so called in my 1959 Americana). That's why auto touring was a real adventure in most of your period. BTW, bicycling is much less popular in your era. A 1937 PSM speaks of it as being newly revived.

How did people get around without roads? There had been better before when long-distance travel was by horse, as Eddy describes the decayed roads of the Midwest. But the rise of railroads in the mid-1800s meant that people travelled around their city or town in their own buggies and coaches, and from their farms to the village, but that the connecting roads between communities were ignored (it saved tax money) and people took a train. So if you are auto touring in the Teens, you may not be able to get any road map, but have to rely on getting directions from the townsfolk from one hamlet to another: plenty of chances to get lost. People in towns and cities relied heavily on public transportation: trams, omnibusses/busses, streetcars, cable cars, and such. There were horse-drawn cabs as well as machines until the early 1920s in many places, if not NYC and Chicago. Private vehicles were status symbols in themselves.

To get a feel of Real Life, I'm inclined to peruse magazines and novels of the day, read memoires like crazy, and look for old pictures. Ads in the magazines are sometimes the best part. In 1924 your characters could smoke Fatima cigarettes. The ads telling teenagers to eat Fleischmann's yeast to cure acne tell a lot about their social lives, including how commonly girls wore full-length dresses at parties and how boys wore ties by day. You see what National Geographic considers a scientific adventure over 20 years. Fashion magazines can be kind of overboard.

So if you came here for secondary and tertiary sources that cook down 20-50 years of a subject into one volume, we can stop here.

Look in second-hand bookstores for old atlases (Amazon sellers, Alibris, Ebay). The Perry-Castañeda collection online is linked in the 50 Books samples, and from there links to other mapaholics' hubs.

Etiquette books instantly re-arrange your head about expected behaviors above the grunt-and-scratch level. These are what the best classes do, the middle class copies, and people farther down the scale do try to pick up. One can be of poor without being crude, or, as said in my family, "good manners don't cost anything." The first edition of Emily Post's Etiquette is 1922, and it's available online, free.

Nowadays, your main hunting ground for old books can be Internet Archive.

If you'd like a guide to that, let me know, because it ran to five pages with book suggestions.