It's a HUGE topic, so I can't cover very much in this answer before I have to go to school. Some excellent books to start with are Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise by Robin Fleming to describe the early middle ages in England, also known as the "dark ages", Daily Life in Medieval Times by Gies and Gies which answers a lot of your questions from the first group about the high middle ages, and The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England: A Handbook for Visitors to the Fourteenth Century by Ian Mortimer gives an interesting look at the late middle ages. All three are written by quality historians, but are very accessible for the non-academic and are fairly easy to find at a library or on amazon.

As for arms and armour, European armour, circa 1066 to circa 1700 by Claude Blair is a good introduction, if a little dated so make sure to exercise skepticism as with all historical reading. This book will likely be a little harder to find outside of a University, so consider asking your local post-secondary if you can read theirs.

I have two relevant books called "Life in a Medieval Castle" and "Life in a Medieval Town" by Joseph and Frances Gies. They're both excellent and accessible, and I believe even G.R.R Martin used them for research when writing ASOIAF, for what's that worth. The books are comprehensive and entertaining reads. I would also suggest "The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England" by Ian Mortimer. These books cover the "everyday" stuff. I don't have too many recommendations when it comes to arms and amour yet, sadly.

All these books provide information about the more mundane parts of medieval everyday life, which (to me at least) helps me connect to medieval life and its people on a much closer level. They are all introductionary and don't delve too deeply, but they are great starting points for future studies if you find the topics interesting.