What exactly was Otto von Bismarck's system of alliances?

by SpartanOfThePast

When tying to research the diplomatic situation of the early German Empire (1871-1884), I consistently see mention of words along the lines of " Bismarck's intricate system of alliances which helped to maintain peace in Europe ". Can this be explained?

corruptrevolutionary

Yes, it's actually very simple. Bismarck believed there were 5 Great Powers of Europe

• Britain

• Germany

• France

• Russia

• Austria-Hungary

Bismarck created the 3/5th rule, basically Germany needed to be allied to at least 2 of the great powers for Germany to maintain its position.

In the 1880's Germany was allied to Austria-Hungary and Russia and Britain preferred to remain isolated from continental politics, something that would only truly change in 1914. So France was isolated and Germany was safe from a war of aggression

After Bismarck was fired and Wilhelm took over in the 1890's, Wilhelm didn't renew the Alliance with Russia. And France swooped in and formed a new alliance with Russia, surrounding Germany. The balance of power was now 2v2 with Britain in isolation.

Germany needed to ally with Britain to maintain the balance in her favor. Germany and Britain were on good terms, the royalty were related and they had a shared culture, everything was there for an alliance

But Wilhelm wasn't a good politician, he couldn't read the room. After he read the book "The Influence of Naval Power upon History" by US Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a book that also inspired the US to build the Great White Fleet, Wilhelm decided to build a Great German Fleet the size of 2/3s the British Navy.

This concerned Britain as Germany was already surpassing Britain in every other way, a Massive German navy would be a direct threat to Britain, who already had a 2 power navy policy (the British navy had to be the size of the next 2 powers combined)

This led to a naval arms race and Britain making a handshake deal with France to join the alliance with France and Russia. It wouldn't be set in stone until 1914.

So you can see that the balance of power in Europe was simple but required a skilled politician to maintain it