First, the question is flawed because Citizen Kane wasn't at all the first film to employ a nonlinear storytelling technique. At least one other sound feature length film did it earlier: the 1933 British film called Friday the Thirteenth. The film starts with a bus crash and then goes back in time to tell the story of several of the bus passengers and how they came to be on the bus.
A more famous, silent film also is told nonlinearly: Luis Bunuel's Un Chien Andalou. After the opening seen, the film flashes eight years into the future. Later in the short film, the film flashes back sixteen years into the past.
As for literary works, yes, there were many. One of the most famous is William Faulkner's 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury. It's written in four parts. The first part takes place on April 7, 1928. The second part takes place back in 1910. The third part takes place April 6, 1928. And the last part takes place on April 8, 1928.
Hi OP, regardless of whether you get answers here, this question would be worth x-posting to /r/AskLiteraryStudies