As the title says, after Hawaii's annexation, were the Native Hawaiian people recognized as US citizens right away, or were they stuck in a type of limbo-like status lacking in the full rights of a US citizen? Any insight is appreciated, as is any sources for further reading!
Not just Native Hawaiians, but all Citizens of the Republic of Hawaii (the provisional government of the limbo period between the 1894 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii by American planters supported by American marines and the period between their proposed annexation, its rejection by the Cleveland administration, subsequent rejection by the US Senate during the McKinley administration, and eventual Annexation under the Newlands Resolution in 1898) who did not already have American citizenship were awarded it in 1900 with the Hawaiian Organic Act which established the Territorial Government.
So there was a limbo period for about 2 years (July 4, 1898 - June 14, 1900); but after that point they legally enjoyed the full rights and privileges of a US citizen-- though in practice this was just the beginning of a long fight for the non-white, non-anglophone parts of the population to actualize the legal and political equality they had been promised, or, once enjoyed under previous administrations.