I hope my title is straightforward enough- recently I saw a graph of different languages' influences on the English language (eg words of Latin origin/meaning made up ~29% of modern English words, French was ~26% or so, etc). Since Rome directly occupied Britain, what was their influence on the development from Anglo-Saxon/Old English? Sources would be greatly appreciated as I have some time for additional reading!
Edit: I'd also be happy to learn what word parts are derived from Latin (eg I remember an old professor explaining that modern English cities that end in -Shire or -Caster are from the Latin word for camp). Thanks!
The development of the English language is an incredibly complex topic which scholars have strained and sweated over for centuries, so starting from the Romans is a good starting block, as they are one of the oldest societies from which we have such a colossal surviving written record.
One question we must answer first of all is who were the people of pre-roman Britain? The answer is a difficult one, as the very first inhabitants of Britain arrived centuries before the Romans! The pre-Roman Britains were actually a group of Celtic peoples, who arrived from continental Europe. These were the people famed for building Stone Henge.
This distinction must be made before assessing the impact of Rome of the English language because these people spoke a language incredibly different to the post-Roman societies of Britain like the Anglo-Saxons (The Anglo-Saxons having come to Britain in the 5th Century AD / CE).
To truly understand the impact then, one very easy but rough indication is to compare English (A germanic language with Romantic influences) to a language which has its roots firmly in a Celtic language, such as Welsh or Gaelic. Even a cursory look at a Gaelic news publication will show how different it both looks and sounds to Modern English. Again, this is a very simplified way of demonstrating the effect of Rome on the English language, always take caution when using modern examples to explain an element of the ancient world.
One last thing to consider when discussing the effect of Rome in Britain is that Latin didn't disappear when the Romans did! Latin continued to be one of the most widely spoken languages in Europe up until almost the modern day! It continued to influence English, French, German speakers long in to the middle ages and with the Renaissance became the language of choice for communicating the scientific discoveries which the 21st Century was built on!
In conclusion, the development of modern English is a topic far too complicated to discuss in a single answer, even when just focussing on the influence of the Romans. The good news is this is a topic which a huge amount of people have taken interest in over the years so there are plenty of resources at your disposal to know more! The American Journal of Philology is a good place to start, they've got plenty of stuff available online and it goes into great detail. For a historians view on the subject check out some of the great historical journals available on places like JSTOR. They're scholarly and there's a huge online catalogue!