According to the Illinois Holocaust Museum, 7 Jews out of a total 1,800 perished during the Holocaust in Finland. Why did only 7 die, instead of more or none at all? What is their story?

by neutrino6626

Basically title, but today I visited the Illinois Holocaust Museum in which I saw this interesting statistic. Perhaps Finland had concentration camps for Jews and several died from disease or something? Or was it a Denmark like scenario where the majority of the population were saved (I know Denmark was taken over and Finland was an ally/co-belligerent, but still just wondering). Thanks in advance.

spin0

Finnish Jews were considered first and foremost Finns. They were Finnish citizens, part of the society, enjoyed full civil rights in Finland and were not discriminated against during WWII. And just like anyone else they fought in the two wars against the Soviet Union (Winter War, Continuation War) and one against Germany (Lapland's War). For example, here's a Finnish field synagogue at the front close to the neighboring German troops during the Continuation War. (*

First, some sources in English (as is common with Finnish history there isn't a large supply of English language sources available online):

An interesting article giving an overview and some war stories, Haaretz: Un-Finnish business
In the annals of Finnish history lies the untold story of Jewish Finns who fought the Soviets in a string of wars that coincided with WWII. Almost seventy years later, these veterans still find themselves debunking to the world their unholy alliance with Nazi Germany.

A shorter article on the Jerusalem Post: The Jews of Finland: A short, convoluted history

A relevant video in the Associated Press Archive: Finnish Jews talk about fighting alongside Nazi Germany during WWII

And a paper with more information: Jews in Finland During the Second World War

Back to your question about the seven persons.

During WWII about 500 Jewish refugees arrived to Finland. Most of them continued to other countries such as neighboring Sweden or the US. The remaining refugees were sent to two villages in the countryside, and 43 men were sent to compulsory work service, which often did have harsh conditions but was no concentration camp. None of them were given to the Germans, and by 1944 those refugees had been granted Finnish citizenship.

But in November 1942 eight foreign Jews - German, Austrian and Polish refugees - got sent in the ship SS Hohenhorn from Helsinki, Finland to Tallinn, Estonia. There they were apprehended by the Gestapo which sent them via Berlin to Auschwitz. Only one of them survived (Georg Kollman, Austrian). By that time (late 1942) it should have been known not to send them into the Gestapo's hands. And at the time the deportation caused a scandal.

Quite a bit has been written of their fate and about why all of sudden they got sent away when that was not the policy in Finland. In the same ship there were also deported Soviet citizens, suspected spies/saboteurs, five of which were Jews. And in a separate case there's at least one more individual, and possibly three others.

The Hohenhorn case is also mentioned in the Haaretz article I linked above:

A few kilometers away, on the slopes of what is called Observatory Hill, just across the southern harbor of Helsinki, there's another monument commemorating the Jews in Finland - a simple structure that was erected 10 years ago in memory of eight Jewish refugees from Austria and Germany, who were handed over by the Finns to the Gestapo in November 1942; all save one perished in the Holocaust. The German liner SS Hohenhorn, which carried the refugees from Helsinki across the Gulf of Finland to Tallinn, set sail from the southern harbor right below the place where the monument now stands.

The names of the eight are engraved in the dark gray stone of the monument. Actually, there were 27 people who were forced onboard the Hohenhorn against their will. The Gestapo had received them from its Finnish counterpart, the Valpo state police, in the harbor of the capital of German-occupied Estonia. Nineteen of the deported were Soviet citizens, of whom five were Jews.

And the case is presented with more detail in the paper I linked:

The eight Jews who were sent to Tallinn on Board the S/S Hohenhorn were Elias Kopelowsky, Hans Robert Martin Korn, Hans Eduard Szbilski, Heinrich Huppert and his son Kurt, and Georg Kollmann and his wife Janka and son Franz Olof. According to a statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, these were people who had lost their asylum through their own actions. Minister Horelli insisted they were "saboteurs, spies and robbers" and that the matter had nothing to do with race. Huppert and Korn had criminal records in Finland; Huppert had broken rationing regulations, and Korn, who had been a volunteer in the Winter War, had served a ten-month sentence in prison. In the State Police papers, criminal activities, such as embezzlement and forgery, are mentioned in connection with Kopelowsky and Georg Kollman as well. Szbilski had been suspected of being a spy.

According to Anthoni, the deported were chosen by Horelli, who had consulted Minister of Foreign Affairs Rolf Witting and Erik Castren, the legal advisor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Indeed, Castren's statement concludes that "the granting of asylum to aliens in Finland depends wholly, according to both international and domestic Finnish law, on the discretion of the Finnish authorities concerned." However, the statement is dated December 14, so it was given afterwards. It has even been suggested that the selection was random.

From Tallinn the Jews were taken to Berlin, and then to Auschwitz-Birkenau. On their arrival, Janka and Franz Olof Kollmann, Elias Kopelowsky, and the Hupperts were taken straight to gas chambers. Apparently, Szbilski was later shot to death. The details of Hans Korn's death are not known, but according to Georg Kollmann, who was the only survivor among the eight, Korn was sent to Warsaw. Suominen suggests he might have been one of the prisoners who were sent to clear up the remains of the destroyed Warsaw Ghetto, and were killed afterwards in order to eliminate eyewitnesses.

Several sources say that Janka Kollmann and the children left Finland voluntarily. Georg Kollmann could not tell whether this was the case with his family, for they were kept apart during the journey. In any case, the decision about his deportation applied to his family, too.

A tragic and shameful episode, and unnecessary.

Unfortunately that's not all of it. While Finland did not discriminate against Finnish Jews, foreign Jews were not always as well protected - or at least not early on.

In 1941 Finland had a prisoner of war exchange program with the Germans. In that framework the Red Army POWs Finns had captured could be exchanged for the Finnish/Estonian/Karelian/Ingrian etc Red Army POWs the Germans had captured.

The prequisite for exchange was that the POW agreed to it and volunteered to fight against the Soviet Union in some of the volunteer units the Germans had formed in the Eastern Front. The Germans would then take those POWs, give other POWs back in exchange, and send the POWs they received to the volunteer units they had.

Over 2000 Red Army prisoners were handed to Germans and Finns did not check if they were Jews or not. But the Germans did, and those deemed as Jews (at least about 50) were not sent to volunteer units but to concentration camps. This was not known to Finns at the time, but as reports of the Holocaust accumulated the prisoner exchange program was stopped.

*) Isak Smolar's recollection on that synagogue:

"I got six men to help with the construction work when division HQ gave a permission to found a synagogue. We had a large tent at our disposal, like the one that officers usually used. We got there a stove and windows. We met every saturday. All Jewish soldiers were given an official notification where it was announced one could take part and that an exemption from service was given to those individuals. There were many men that one could rarely see at Helsinki Synagogue. We sat and read Torah and worship God. Next Saturday we met again. I think everyone can remember this moment forever.

I visited the synagogue, situated a kilometer from the front line, every Friday to prepare everything for Saturday's worship. One time I noticed that a pipe was missing from the stove and a window was gone. I though I do not dare to bother others with this matter. Few days later battalion CO Thord Alfhan summoned me to him. Since I had no idea what was going on I though what I have done. Alfhan asked me: "Is it true that some items have been stolen from your synagogue?" I answered "yes". Kapteeni hit his fist on the table and said it's "desecration of church". This demonstrates how great our officers and others were to us. One has to respect it even higher when one thinks that the German were only a kilometer away from us at our left."

Source (in Finnish): Rautkallio 1989, Suomen juutalaisten aseveljeys