Aside from Judaism, which other faiths are you thinking of that made that transition?
I don't think there is a single, unified, grand theory pertaining to this topic. And the shift from polytheism to monotheism should not be viewed as some sort of 'progress.'
I would hazard a guess that the relative success of Christian and Muslim empires in history have more to do with the wide geographical spread of monotheistic faiths today than any cultural shift or some change in human values.
Also, perhaps, the very influential thought of Zarathustra would have had an impact on people, thus resulting in the situation where people have a good God fighting through the ages with a bad devil.
But polytheistic religions are hardly out of favour. India is still primarily Hindu and thus, polytheistic. Many parts of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea still practice animist religions, probably presaging even polytheism. China is very heavily influenced by Taoism and Confucianism and Buddhism. Buddhism in East Asia also features a plethora of guardians and boddhisatvas not generally found in India.
I don't know how to quote sources here. My answer is too general. If you want me to be specific, I guess constrain your question somehow? I hope this helps OP.
EDIT: Sigmind Freud has some opinions on this in his book 'Civilization and its discontents.' Of course, quoting Freud is pretty much taboo these days, but he puts forward a pretty good narrative. I don't know how accurate it is though. He claims the Jews got the idea for their faith from an older Monotheistic Egyptian religion, the cult of Amun Ra, short-lived because after the death of Tutankhamun (yes, that one), the Egyptian nobility restored their older polytheistic beliefs. In breaking away from the Egyptians, the Jews practiced this faith instead with Canaanite features.
Again, I don't think this is true. I rather subscribe to the idea that the Canaanite religions were changed when the people started worshipping YHWH above the other gods. There was a very interesting thread on it yesterday. Lemme see if I can find it.
EDIT2: Found it. u/lcnielsen does an amazing job here.
Maybe that can also help you out and give you some context.