Long trousers (or breeches + opaque stockings, or just plain opaque stockings -- solid wool fabric like you'd make a suit out of, not modern day nylons) or long skirts, long sleeves, and a brimmed hat (or a veil, or a hood, or a coif pulled down over the ears) were the common dress for Europeans up through the 19th century. Women might also (in the Renaissance era) wear vizards to protect their face and keep it that pasty pale that spoke to high born status. I know the woman in that photo is showing a lot of décolletage, but in the low square neckline era, partlets were also worn to fill in the neckline, either under the gown or over it (depending on the fashion of the time/place). Gloves were also more common than now (a fashion item, versus a mere winter necessity). Images of people working in fields commonly show broad brims on straw hats. Some images of people in the field show men having stripped off either their shirt or their hose. It stands to reason someone particularly prone to sunburn wouldn't any more do so then than now.

Skin was generally kept away from the sun. It's no wonder the Medici family had rickets, which comes from a severe lack of vitamin D. As wealthy people with no need to spend time in the fields, they wouldn't have had to get even low levels of regular sun exposure.

(Some of these links are modern photos of reproductions. In the case of the vizard because the drawings are very less detailed. In the case of the partlets, because paintings of fully dressed people make it harder to discern individual layers.)

I can't help on tinctures for sunburn or anything like that. I'm a nerd of historical fashion, not herbology (herbalism? uh...).