We know that the edicts handed down by Muhammad began on Dec 22nd, 609 and ended 23 years later with his death. But do we know WHEN certain edicts were handed down?
As a more modern religion, it is very interesting to see how certain portions of the Quran can be held up with real life events. In specific, I was looking at 2:221 earlier today and 5:5 (both have to do with interfaith marriage) and the timing of these edicts could be super interesting. 2:221 is in regarding to not marrying polytheists, which may coincide with the persecution of Muslims by the Quryashi tribe (polytheists). 5:5 gives permission to marry Those of the Book (Jews/Christians) and could coincide with the later spread of Islam running into the Christian world. (Just an uneducated hypothesis).
This thought process led me to the question. Do we have any idea of what portions of the Quran were handed at what times during the last 23 years of Muhammad's life?
There's an entire genre of study within Muslim literature looking at the timings and circumstances of each verse. It's called Asbab an-Nuzul, meaning "The Circumstances of Revelation" (since, of course, for Muslims, these verses were revealed to Muhammad and did not originate from him).
How much of this is actually accurate historically? Tough to say, honestly. Some of the timings are definitely wrong, others are plausible, and other are most likely accurate. You have to really evaluate each one individually in light of other historical information we have.
There's a good article which gives an overview on the subject. The title is The Exegetical Genre "asbab al-nuzul": A Bibliographical and Terminological Survey by Andrew Rippin.
This question is difficult to answer due to the oral tradition of the Quran and early Islamic sources. While written copies did exist during Muhammad's lifetime, according to Muslim tradition the entire Quran was only assembled in it's current order by Uthman, the third caliph, about 30 years after Muhammad's death. Some argue that Ali ibn Talib, Muhammad's son-in-law, had a copy compiled in its original order 6 months after his death.
However, early copies were mostly fragments. The oldest surviving fragment is the Birmingham manuscript, dated between 568 and 645 CE. Again, none of this helps us date individual verses.
The Quran is historically divided into two parts: Makki (verses revealed before Hijrah in 622) and Madani (verses revealed after Hijrah). Verses were revealed at different times and places, and are categorised using various contextual cues, themes, and literary styles.
The historical accuracy of this method is questionable. I'm not aware of any work that has been done outside of Islamic orthodoxy to date specific verses.
Sources: Fred Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing
Oliver Leaman, The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia
Edit: misplaced apostrophe