Sorry this is super broad. The question came to mind when reading Huntington's "The Clash of Civilizations?" which makes this assertion:
"These conflicts between princes, nation-states, and ideologies were primarily conflicts within Western civilization, 'Western Civil Wars,' as William Lind has labeled them. This was as true of the Cold War as it was of the World Wars and the earlier wars of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries"
It seems to say that conflicts were only happening in the "Western" world during these time periods. Were there no wars in the East?
First: Samuel Huntington is a highly respected political scientist who wrote a deeply stupid book. I know I shouldn't badmouth someone so prominent in the field, but it is a stupid book.
History did not sit still in the Middle East during this period. You saw the consolidation of the Ottoman Empire, several civil wars that weakened the Ottoman state, the rise of ethnic nationalism and a lot of other things. The Safavid Empire arose in Persia during this period to become one of the great Islamic powers, alongside the Mughal Empire. You saw the steady expansion of Islam in Indonesia. You saw the rise of Qing dynasty in China and the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan. This is way too broad of a question to answer in one place, but there was a huge amount of economic change, cultural change, political change etc throughout Asia and the middle east during this period.