Yes, anti-vaccination has a long history. After vaccination against smallpox was made compulsory in 1853 in the UK an anti-vaccination movement grew up calling for an end to compulsory vaccination. This movement was much more widespread than the anti-vaxxer movement of today, lasted for decades and spread to other countries. In Stockholm in 1872 only 40% of the population was vaccinated as opposed to 90% in the rest of Sweden - then there was an epidemic in 1874 which frightened people into sense. The anti-vaxxer movement was so strong that in the UK in 1898 'conscientious objection' was enshrined into law for the first time due to their efforts. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/

Rider Haggard wrote an interesting novel in 1898 called 'Doctor Therne' about an Andrew Wakefield-like charlatan of the anti-vaxxer movement. When I read it when I was a kid I never imagined that anti-vaxxers would reappear, it seemed so crazy.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1439800/pdf/jrsocmed00222-0071.pdf