I know absolutely nothing about Japanese history before the 20th century. I know feudal Japan is a very broad topic, but any books that give a general view of Japanese society in these periods would be great. The Sengoku period seems like a good starting point, so I'll most likely begin reading there.
I'd be really interested too to see some recommendations for Sengoku books since I've dabbled there, but not read widely. But while waiting for them, this previous thread with Sengoku reading recommendations and appraisals might be interesting to you.
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3coa1b/sengoku_period_resources/
Past the Sengoku is the Edo Period from approximately 1600-1868. Since you're primarily looking for Sengoku stuff, I won't overload you with Edo Period recommendations, but my go-to book for introducing the Edo Period in a relatable way is Constantine Vaporis's Tour of Duty: Samurai, Military Service in Edo, and the Culture of Early Modern Japan.
Vaporis decided to focus on one important aspect of Edo Period Japan: the institution of "alternate attendance". Under alternate attendance, the regional lords were required to spend half their time in the shogun's capital, Edo, under the nose of the shogun. This system entailed mass movements of men (and a very few women) across Japan as the lords and their retinues went back and forth to their domains.
Each chapter of Vaporis's book delves into the details of this system: the history of the arrangement, the conditions on the road, the pageantry of the processions, samurai life on assignment in Edo, and the material artifacts and culture that the returning samurai brought home after their assignment. All the little details combine to create a larger picture of the era.
It's such a lively book, with so many interesting stories brought together to create a larger narrative, that I think it's a perfect Edo Period introduction. Certainly, I've never forgotten the poor Kurume domain samurai who on being detained in Edo for an extra two years got drunk and smashed up the entire compound to relieve their feelings. (Pictures included in handscroll created by two of the Kurume retainers.) It's a very human book.