Is there are a book or extensive article on the Red Army from 1945 to 1991 in English (or German)? Usually, the standard source(s) are the two US army Field Manuals (FM-100-1 and FM-100-2, if I remember correctly).
The answer to this question is partly dependent upon what exactly does the OP want to know about the Soviet military. The social history of the Soviet armed forces, the evolution of doctrine, procurement, and grand strategy are all discreet fields of military history. With that proviso in mind, here are some recommendations for reading.
Roger Resse's The Soviet Military Experience:A History of the Soviet Army, 1917-1991 and Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Officer Corps, 1918–1991 tackle the military as an lived institution. Reese's argument is that the centrality of Marxist-Leninist ideology inhibited a a degree of professionalism within the military, which is an interesting argument.
Even though it is a bit older book, the anthology Soldiers and the Soviet State: civil-military relations from Brezhnev to Gorbachev is a good introduction to the basic problem of civil-military relations within the USSR.
For the Soviet Navy, Jürgen Rohwer's Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet is an excellent and concise survey of how Stalin's admirals tried and failed to build a blue-water navy. Much of these problems of the Stalin period would be repeated in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev navies. Norman Polmar's comparative history of submarine development Cold War Submarines tells a more edifying story of Soviet innovation in this field and dispels a number of myths about Soviet subs that Tom Clancy and the like perpetuated. The article "To be or Not to be: the Development of soviet Deck Aviation" by V. Kolnogorov explores the abortive attempts to develop Soviet carriers.
Nuclear weapons dominate Cold War militaries and Steven Zaloga's The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces 1945-2000 is one of the best, single-volume treatments of the Soviet nuclear program and its lopsided strategic triad.
The balloon thankfully never went up in Central Europe so war plans remained only hypothetical. The anthology Blueprints for Battle: Planning for War in Central Europe, 1948-1968 examines the planning for war on both sides of the Iron Curtain as does the anthology War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War: Threat Perceptions in the East and West which examines political planning for the unthinkable.
Like Polmar, Leon Trilling's "Styles of Military Technical Development: Soviet and U.S. Jet Fighters — 1945-1960," in the anthology Science, Technology, and the Military draws a comparative analysis between American and Soviet development and parses out the differences in approach towards fighters.
Hopefully this helps
correction: should be "Soviet Army", seems that term was used from 1946 onwards.