Those in the Greek phalanx were armed with a spear that was around 2 to 2 and a 1/2 metres in length called a dory, and a large round shield called the aspis. Most wore at least a helmet and greaves, with only the front ranks wearing metal or linen armour. However, over time there was a move towards discarding the cuirass altogether to allow for better mobility. The Greek phalanx was a close order formation where the men would strike with their spears against their opponents (they did not push with their shields, this is a myth), but a Greek phalangite was also effective in single combat. They stood side-on when fighting, meaning their shield covered most of their body, and the dory was short enough to be quick and manoeuvrable up close. They also had a sword as a side-arm.
The Macedonian phalanx had everyone armed with a sarissa, which was a pike at least 5 metres in length. Like the Greek phalanx, only those in the front ranks wore body armour, with the most common protection being a helmet for those in the rear. Instead of an aspis they had a much smaller shield. Unlike the Greek phalanx they were purely a close-order formation. A Macedonian phalangite with a sarissa could not fight in close-combat, and with their small shield and a sword or dagger as a side-arm, they were ill-equipped against other types of soldiers. The advantage of the Macedonian phalanx was that their pikes could both inflict casualties, keep the enemy away, and keep them fixed for the Macedonian heavy cavalry to outflank the opposing force. The Macedonian phalanx would level pikes and march forward, and unless they were in rough terrain or a gap in the battle-line opened, they were irresistible. Even the Roman legion could not stand against the phalanx head on. The Romans only won by outflanking them or drawing them into difficult terrain.
Sources
By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire, by Ian Worthington
An Invincible Beast: Understanding the Hellenistic Pike Phalanx in Action, by Christopher Matthew
A Storm of Spears: Understanding the Greek Hoplite at War, by Christopher Matthew